Rhetorical Analysis Reflections Essay

I struggle with Rhetorical Analysis essays, but this particular paper seemed to puzzle me more than the other rhetorical analysis essays that I have come across this year. The score I received was an 8, and I was honestly quite surprised to see that. I knew I had written a paper to pass, but to show that I had sufficiently written the paper shocked me. This essay was tough in particular because the rhetorical strategies were very difficult to locate. I noticed that Richard Rodriguez wrote using a lot of compare and contrast, so I based my essay off of that. With that idea, I elaborated the technique in great detail, and that may have accounted for the high score that I received. The paper was very well structured, but it was very one-sided in my opinion. The main reason I was unsure about a high score was due to a lack of inclusion of other rhetorical strategies. I knew that the paper was well written, but I was not necessarily sure how well I was going to do. While reading sample essays released from Collegeboard , I did notice that they were looking for something to do with compare and contrast, and I believe that is why I scored to high on the paper. I did not know that compare and contrast was a rhetorical technique, but it is good to take your idea, and let your thoughts flow. That is how you create very strong writing. WC: 250 Midwest Rhetorical Analysis Reflection The Midwest Rhetorical Analysis Essay was hard to write because I had a lack of interest towards this particular prompt. The Midwest has never fascinated me; it has always been the West or East Coast that I have been really interested in. My lack of interest towards the Midwest made it a very difficult write. Over the year, when I am given topics that interest and fascinate me, I am able to write them very well. However if I am given a prompt which I do not really care about, I will pick the easier side to  write about and go from there. Passion elevates my writing. The lack of passion towards this essay is the reason it is not written very well. It was a difficult write, and I am positive that with a prompt involving the west or east coast, your writing improves. The score of 6 that I received is due to the fact that this paper was very adequate, and easy to follow. The text is very boring, but the reason it was scored as a passing paper if primarily due to following the necessary standards of the AP scoring rubric for 6 papers. Cause and effect was the main strategy that I used in talking about rhetorical devices. I used it to explain how the Midwest is not the same as people may perceive it. The Midwest has a lot to offer, and people just need to give it a chance and figure out what is hiding within the land. WC: 259 Summative Rhetorical Analysis Reflection I believe I deserved the score of an 8 on this paper. I really connected to the text, and my ideas just started flowing. This paper demonstrated a lot of my strengths as a writer, and my score reflects that. My use of personal anecdotes to describe the author’s imagery and pathos really enhanced my essay. I was able to use personal evidence amd samples from the text to demonstrate my ability to master this paper. Essays that I can relate to are very easy to describe and write about. That is exactly what happened as I was writing this paper. The text, Last Child in the Woods reminded me of my childhood, and I used specific example from the text to describe that. This paper displayed much strength and very few weaknesses. A problem I have with my writing is poor grammar, and I believe that is due to the timing factor. You really have no time to fix your mistakes when you are crunched for time. Luckily you are scored on what you do well rather than everything that you have done wrong considering that this paper is not a finished product. Anecdotes, contrasting views, imagery, and pathos were all rhetorical strategies that I have present in my essay. This was the final rhetorical essay that I had written all year, and my improvement is clearly demonstrated from my first essay to my last. Improvement is key, and I am happy to have my best writing at the end of the year rather than the start. WC: 262

Recruitment and Selection Practices in a Selected Organisation Essay

The purpose of this business report is to assess and evaluate the organisation’s recruitment and selection strategy and make constructive recommendations for the improvement of the organisation’s recruitment and selection process. Both interview questions and a questionnaire were used to research and gather information about the organisation’s strategy for recruitment and selection. In the first instance, the organisation was contacted and a meeting arranged with the HR manager. At this meeting, the HR manager provided me with background information regarding the organisation and completed the questionnaire that had been prepared. After the meeting, the information from the questionnaire was analysed and subsequently a set of interview questions was developed. One week later, upon return to the organisation, a structured interview was conducted with the HR manager, with the goal to collect more in-depth information about the organisation and its processes for recruitment and selection. Several issues were identified that the organisation needs to address in the recruitment and selection process. Recruitment preparation needs to have a clear method of communicating requests for vacant or new positions — such as a requisition form or memo. Employment agencies are a beneficial source to use for employing low skilled workers on a temporary basis, in order to keep the workflow uninterrupted, therefore, maintaining acceptable productivity, and lower staff turnover. Metropolitan daily newspapers are a good way of attracting suitable professional candidates for vacant positions. Advertising internally to fill positions and having a structured interview helps ensure that the right applicant is matched with the right job. Advertising internally also helps increase commitment amongst employees. Finally, by developing an orientation program and implementing it with new employees, the organisation can decrease staff turnover and increase commitment. Journal of Management Practice, 4(1), 166-177 Â © Penny Clark Recruitment & Selection Clarke 1 Purpose of the Report The purpose of the business report is to examine and assess the organisation’s strategy for recruitment and selection. An attempt to establish what level of understand ing the organisation has of the recruitment and selection process is carried out. In addition, the current strategy and processes used to implement recruitment and selection in the organisation is being assessed. Finally, recommendations will be made based on the information gathered, whilst taking into consideration the current economic climate and the availability of suitable resources. 1. 2 Sources of Information The information used to write this business report came from several sources. One such source was a personal communication with the Managing Director. The major source used was the organisation’s HR manager. This consisted of one informal discussion with the HR manager, in addition to a scheduled meeting and a planned interview. Two different types of research tools were used to obtain the information required to prepare this business report. The first was a questionnaire that was developed and subsequently completed by the HR manager. The other research tool used was a set of interview questions that had been compiled. These questions were asked of the HR manager during the planned interview. 1. 3 Scope of the Report The business report covers two main areas of the organisation’s strategy for recruitment and selection.

Analysis of Sheet Music, Johann Sebastian Bach

Score analysis Many people are listening to music and enjoying music, but not everyone analyzes music to find more complex things like formal analysis and melody. However, by checking the music of these things, you can better understand the music. This makes people more appreciate music. Some of the best music analysis is classical music. This is because classical music has various levels and has been tested for many years. In this article I am examining Bach's preface to D Major - Fuga's work on background, formal elements, and cultural elements. Johann Sebastian Bach is the youngest eighth child of Johann Ambrosius Bach musician and Elizabeth Lemmerhirt. Rod Bach is known for his musicality in the early 16th century. Many of Johan Sebastian's ancestors were professional musicians. Meanwhile, churches, local governments, and aristocrats supported musicians, especially in Thuringia and Saxony. My father Bach lives and works in Eisenach. There are about 6,000 inhabitants in this city. John Ambrosius's work includes holding secular concerts and church music performances. John Sebastian Bach, born in Eisenach, Germany on March 21, 1685, is the youngest of the church organists John Ambrosius Bach and Elizabeth Ramel Bach. Bach's musician family can be traced back to 7 generations. This family is also a devout Lutheran (religion based on beliefs of faith, God forgives their sins). Bach accepted his father's violin course. He also has a beautiful voice and sings in the church choir. In 1694, his mother and father died within two months. At the age of 10, Johann Sebastian moved to Germany's Odrap and lived with his brother John Christophe, the organizer of St. Michael's Church. Johan Sebastian received his first instruction on keyboard instrument from him. Johann Sebastian Bach's father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, taught him how to play the violin and harp when he was a child. After his father and mother died within 9 months, John Sebastian lived with his younger brother John Christophe Bach. Organist John Sebastian studied the organ and harpsichord under his brother's supervision. John Christophe believes that his brothers will learn many compositions by copying the work so that they will copy Jacob Froberger, Johann Casper Kell, Pachelbel's work to J. Sebastian I asked. Then, when he became a member of Mettenchor (Mattins Choir), J. Sebastian can be learned at the music library of Luneburg Stadium.

The head as medium and metaphor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The head as medium and metaphor - Essay Example A Cultural Inquiry It is with this premise—that art object contains cultural significance that interests to art pieces become an anthropological and historical inquiry in a sense. Such in a way that questions does not only revolves regarding information about specific art object—‘Where did it came from?’, ‘How was it made?’, ‘What material?’, ‘Who made it?’ but broader inquiry about the relation of the art object to the aspect of human life or the culture that it represents or belongs to—i.e. ‘What is its historical significance?’, ‘Is it a religious or sacred object for worship?’, ‘What symbolisms are attached to it?’ these questions means studying art in its cultural context (Hatcher 1999). For this paper, I would try to study the use of head as medium and metaphor in practice of art through its cultural context drawing upon example from two ethnic groups from Africa, the Ife and Yoruba. First, I would put into perspective the context of using the head as a symbol through historical account on the development of head as a symbol and how it transcends to art. Then I would specifically relate these cultural and historical symbolisms on the cultural interpretation of Ife and Yoruba as represented in the use of head in their art. Head as Symbol A severed head had been for most part of human history, the most typical religious symbol, decapitation have likewise been a ubiquitous theme on literature that have been prevalent in various genre. From the Middle Stone Age, to early medieval times, archeological findings have suggested that man have been for the longest time have strong fascination with severed head or have long found strong symbolism with a decapitated head. For a warrior, claiming a severed head of the enemy meant valor in battle, prestige, and a sign of power. As such, various art with motifs that have severed head on them; in Celtic sculptu re for instance the Pfalzfeld pillar â€Å"is adorned with carved heads on each side, and must have been crowned by another head, which has now disappeared† (Koch 2006). In medieval art, head is often times used to symbolize two things, one is the mind, and the other is the spiritual life. This is why decorative art during this period consists of heads of saints. In stark contrast, Plato assumed that the human head is representative of the world, as he writes in his Timaeus. To back up Plato’s assertion, Leblant postulates that the skull—the crown of the human body signifies the heaven as depicted by its spherical shape. Clearly, both Plato and Leblant see the head and its sphere-shape as symbolic of oneness (Cirlot 2002). The same concept of oneness is present in Egyptian hieroglyphics wherein the eagle’s head had been constantly used as an emblem and solar symbol to represent emanation of the cosmic flame and the universe’s spiritual fire. A repr esentation of two or more heads means a more intense head-symbolism. Thus, the Gemini—represented by two heads signifies the duality of nature; Hectate on the other hand has three heads representing the heaven, earth, and hell. Here we see that an invisible, eternal, and deeper meaning is attached to the symbolism of the head that it boarders to religion. It goes beyond simply looking at the appearances and goes deep into

Evidence Management In My Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evidence Management In My Organization - Essay Example It is worth noting that at the same time the hacker skill level is becoming low. Probable reason being the increase in number of loop holes in modern systems and open opportunity for hackers to share information and transfer technology amongst one another. This situation is of prime concern to the information security world. Methodologies are being developed and improved to combat, investigate and prevent such breaches into system boundaries1. Study conducted by the FBI and CSI in the year 2002 revealed alarming increase in system intrusion by hackers. 90% of the respondents identified their systems to be invaded. 80% accepted financial loss. Loss above 450,000,000 $ was reported collectively by about 220 respondents. 74% of the total declared internet as the repetitive point of attack. To cater for the increasing number of attack incidents, an approach must be formulated to respond to such unpleasant events so that the effect of such attacks on the organization is minimized. Minimization of the intrusion impact will lead to un-altered organizational performance and ideally no loss of capital. However, if such incidents are dealt with lightly and casually, the organizational integrity is under serious threat. The response mechanism should be able to manage sufficient information of the breach to assist the decision makers and concerned personnel to determine the actions accordingly, to combat future attacks and to dissuade attacks through investigation and law trial. The methodology to the response to such an attack has to be time optimized because mostly time is the key governing variable to determine organizational performance. Also, the methodology must be efficient emphasizing low resource utilization because finance in an organization is another contingent con trolling variable. The approach towards dealing with the situation must be modular so that the repair and maintain mechanism is refined into manageable chunks. The approach should also emphasize on the most logical sequence of actions for dealing with threats and invasions. Finally, the approach must also incorporate the room for dealing with never-seen-before security situations. It should be kept in mind that the design of the response methodology has linked legal issues as liability limitation and reduction in insurance premiums. Taking into consideration the issues explained above, a multi-step linear feed back model has been developed. Incidence response is generally based upon this model. The sequential steps of the response method proposed by the model are preparation, detection and containment followed by analysis, eradication and recovery. At the end of the linear chain, follow up and feed back is required for the response process completion2. SIGNIFICANCE OF EVIDENCE The evidence of a security breach can be collected in any of the seven steps in the response model described above. It is important that this evidence be managed in an efficient manner as this

Reflective Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflective Questions - Essay Example how to use the camera in a professional way, how to film from different angle, how to avoid the camera shaking, how the lighting is important in the film process Etc. I enhanced this skill when we initialized our project and we put the outline, then we made the plan which we going to stick on, we organized the work and we divided the parts between our team members then we start doing our project based on that. We discovered later on that we should use just one voice instead of two voices in the narration because our subject was about sentence fluency. Moreover, when we divide our 10 min video after we found out that it would infects the audience bored. Honestly, I was not sure about our project subject (sentence fluency) in the beginning. You required an instructional video and this subject was teaching a grammar. Letter on I found that convert this subject to instructional video would be a challenge for me. Therefore, I decided to learn about sentence fluency and I face many problems because I am international student. I tried to beat this, I give all I have to present my work in great way, and I hope that what I did. My ability to persuasion other people improved. Once we were filming six volunteers and after we done we found that the camera was shaking. So I went to the writing center and I persuaded the 6 volunteers to re-film them again and I did that by show them the importance of the work we do and the importance of their role for the completion of this work. They agree and I did the re-filming process alone again. In addition, I persuaded ESL students to be filmed by explaining to them sentence fluency meaning and give them some advices so they can improve their writing skill. They agree and it was great experience and I am sure that my ability to communicate and persuasion others improved. How many hours have you spent on your project? Were there times when you worked long hours without noticing the passing of time? Give a number

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

English - Essay Example How many times these low feet staggered (238) BY EMILY DICKINSON How many times these low feet staggered - Only the soldered mouth can tell - Try - can you stir the awful rivet - Try - can you lift the hasps of steel! Stroke the cool forehead - hot so often - Lift - if you care - the listless hair - Handle the adamantine fingers Never a thimble - more - shall wear - Buzz the dull flies - on the chamber window - Brave - shines the sun through the freckled pane - Fearless - the cobweb swings from the ceiling - Indolent Housewife - in Daisies - lain! Tone and Implications of Death in Dickinson’s â€Å"The Only Ghost† and â€Å"How Many Times† Emily Dickinson, as a poetic writer, composed most of her works with the theme of death, the entirety of which can be categorized into three different periods of writings, the earliest mainly contained the themes of death and immortality, personifying death and elegiac poems and lacked the intensity and urgency of her later poe ms or their fascination with the physical aspects of death (Van Daesdonk 2007). Because of Dickinson’s immense fascination with this subject, it is interesting to compare her pieces against each other to see how her view of death changed over the years of her writing. These poems are â€Å"The Only Ghost I Ever Saw† and â€Å"How Many Times These Low Feet Staggered.† â€Å"The Only Ghost I Ever Saw† has a softer tone and composition that suggested an early fascination with death and disillusionment with the Church’s idea of death, while â€Å"How Many Times These Low Feet Staggered† has a more realistic and macabre tone and composition because of the realization of how death reveals a person’s past identity, which suggests that, in some cases, death is better than life after all. â€Å"The Only Ghost I Ever Saw,† written in 1857-62, is an example of the earlier period of Dickinson’s writing. There are many different inte rpretations of this piece, the most obvious one is that the poem centers on an individual who has encountered the spirit of a person and is shocked by the meeting. A deeper analysis shows the possibility of the poem being about how the speaker, or Dickinson, is forced to reassess her loyalty or belief of Christianity through the encounter of a ghost. In contrast, â€Å"How Many Times These Low Feet Staggered,† written 1890, can be recognized to belong in her later period, as its theme centers on the viewing of the corpse of a mundane housewife and the physical aspects of her death. The poem itself is in the first person persona and contains a grotesque dreary tone; and from the poem’s fascination with the corpse, the Dickinson’s frustration and obsession with death is shown. Concerning the form and structure of â€Å"The Only Ghost I ever saw,† the piece is a ballad, one of the two main forms of narrative poetry, as the poem uses the traditional ballad me tre, which is made up of rhyming quatrains of alternative four-stress and three-stress lines. It is written in iambic metre which gives the poem a soft flowing, lilting rhythm, this along with the many pauses throughout the poem cause the pace to become slow and smooth, much like the movement of the poem’s subject, a ghost, would be. â€Å"How Many Times† differs from this in that the meter of the poem is iambic, the first syllable of each line is unstressed followed by a stressed one; however, the first line of the poem intentionally breaks this pattern. â€Å"

Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 18

Response - Assignment Example The student should clarify this. Moreover, the student does not identify any nonverbal communication. In a noisy environment, it is quite obvious that the two would have probably used several facial expressions or gestures. These are important aspects of the transactional model of communication. Student 2 was having a discussion with his friends at the San Francisco Aquarium. The two friends were discussing their previous experiences. Student 2’s friend responded using nonverbal communication when asked if they liked the beach in San Diego. Student 2 was keen to observe the facial expression and gestures of his friend. He noted the wink and thumb up which indicated that his friend liked the place. The success of the communication was based on the ability of student 2 to understand non-verbal communication. I agree with the idea that, the reaction from his friend indicated that he liked the place, and he would like to visit the place again. Their conversation was interrupted by the loud noise of the train. They could no longer communicate and had to get back to the aquarium. Noise interrupts the smoothness of a conversation and can stop conversations. However, the student should clarify if they attempted nonverbal communication during the noise. This is necessary in e xplaining the transactional model of

Mrk #1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Mrk #1 - Essay Example the same time outshine their performance in not only providing high quality computer products but at the same time services by getting well-trained employees who do not only have the knowledge about technology and computers but at the same time have passion for doing so. Also, screening possible employees to pick out those with friendly personalities, professionalism, and patience is key to achieve this. 3. Since there are a lot of players in the business that Best Value is in, brand equity is key to gaining the trust and confidence of customers to actually look to them for their needs instead of the popular brands/companies. This would be achieved by having a clear distinctive positioning of Best Value where customers of that certain market would be able to connect with them and know that they are the right place to go to. Establishing Best Value to be a local computer parts and service provider who under promises and yet over delivers without asking for too much of a cost should be clearly communicated to its customers so they will gain a top of mind position in their market. 4. Best Value sales representatives do a very important task of managing their expectations. An example of which would be to allow these customers especially those who are non-techie to understand what the parts are for, the reason why a certain part is dysfunctional and etc. aside from that, it is important to lay it down to prospective clients that they are not as big and as well-equipped as the other big companies out there so service rendered could take a bit more time but they would guarantee satisfaction at a lower cost for sure. Also, Best Value could make sure their clients are always happy by never forgetting a follow through even after the transaction is made. One could make a call and ask them how their computers are working. 5. The expansion towards providing LAN services could pose dangers such as the lowering of quality of computers being assembled, an employee base Best

Rates of reaction Essay Example for Free

Rates of reaction Essay The two equations can then put together to give an overall rate equation: R[Na2S2O3]x[HCl]Y Experimentally I will be changing the concentrations of each the reactants independently and then calculating the rate for each concentration. From these rates I will be able to draw a log graph of rate against concentrations and from my calculation I can find the orders for each of the reactants. Variables The independent variable in the experiment is the initial concentrations of Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid. I will be changing this variable and seeing how it affect the time taken for the reaction to take place and therefore how the concentration affects the rate of the reaction. However as only one variable can be changed I will keep one reactant constant whilst changing the other to get a fair set of results. This will show me the affect of each reactant on the rate independently. The dependent variable is the one that will be monitored in the reaction. The dependent variable is the time taken for the reaction to take place which can be used to calculate the rate of the reaction. The method I will be using is by seeing how long it takes for a black cross underneath the conical flask to disappear which will be the point in all the reactions where the concentration of the sulphur precipitate is equal and so will the rate can be fairly calculated. To reduce errors I will need to use my preliminary results to find a volume that will give a long enough time to measure accurately, but not too long to affect the rate which is calculated by dividing initial concentration by time. These graphs show how if the time taken for the reaction to reach a specific concentration is too long it will not be a true reflection on the actual initial rate of the reaction. The first variable that must be controlled is the temperature of the reactions. This is because temperature will affect the rate of the reaction as a higher temperature will cause an increase in the rate. If the temperature varies between reactions it will have an affect on the results. To try and insure the same temperature is used I will have all reactants at room temperature and carry out all the reactions in one lesson. Another control is the the volume of reactants used and the depth of the solution. If this is changed the amount of precipitate that will need to be observed through will change and therefore the concentration at which the cross disappears will be different. To control this the same volumes will be used and the same conical flask will be used and therefore the depth will be the same. Similarly the cross used will need to be the same as a thicker cross would mean it will disappear at a different concentration of sulphur and the results will not be fair. Finally I will not shake or move the conical flask once the reactants have been put together as this again might affect the rate of the reaction. Equipment 1. 200cm3 of Na2S2O3 1. 200cm3 of HCl 2. 10 x 50cm3 beakers 3. 2 x Graduated Pipettes 4. Conical Flask 5. Stopwatch Method 1. Start by making the concentrations, using a graduated pipette measure out the correct volumes of Sodium Thiosulphate and put into 5 small 50cm3 beakers. Then add the corresponding amounts of distilled water and label with the correct concentration. 2. Secondly draw a black cross onto a piece of paper which is no bigger than the base of the conical flask, place the conical flask on top of the flask. 3. Using another graduated pipette, place 25cm3 of 2M hydrochloric acid into the bottom of the conical flask. 4. Whilst standing above the conical flask, looking directly down, simultaneously pour the first concentration of Na2S2O3 into the conical flash and start the stopwatch. 5. Keep observing and when the yellow precipitate causes the cross to completely disappear stop the stopwatch. 6. Record the time taken, wash out the conical flask thoroughly and repeat from step 3 but using the next dilution until all the concentrations have been reacted and recorded. 7. Repeat all results and average times. 8. Secondly replace the Sodium Thiosulphate with the HCl and copy above steps by measuring out correct concentrations and place into 5 more 50cm3 beakers. 9. This time add 25cm3 of Na2S2O3 into the bottom of the conical flask before recording the time taken for the cross to disappear again, for all the concentrations. 10. Repeat all results again for HCl concentrations. Initial Rates can then be calculated. Dilution Tables Na2S2O3 Concentration / moldm-3 Na2S2O3 (1M) / cm3 Distilled Water / cm3 1 HCl Concentration / moldm-3 HCl (2M) / cm3 Distilled Water / cm3 Safety Points As concentrated Hydrochloric acid will be used make sure eye and hand protection is worn. In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and with eye contact get medical attention immediately. Sulphur is also present so make sure the room is well ventilated to allow fumes to escape. Take care with glass wear, such as pipettes as they are fragile and may break easily. If broken clear up all glass immediately. Time Taken for Cross to Disappear / s Concentration of Na2S2O3 / moldm-3 1 2 Average Rate / moldm -3 s -1 logRate / log moldm -3 s -1 logconc. / log moldm-Time Taken for Cross to Disappear / s Concentration of HCl / moldm-3 1 2. Average Rate / moldm Analysis After drawing a graph of logRate against logConcentration and using the calculations in my plan, the gradient of the line gave me a value of 0. 957 which taking into account experimental error shows the order of the reaction of Sodium Thiosulphate is 1. Also when carrying out the investigation for how the rate changes with the concentration of HCl there is no noticeable change in rate when the concentration varies. Therefore I didnt draw a graph, as the table shows HCl concentration doesnt affect the rate of the reaction and must be zero order. I can therefore deduce that the rate equation for this reaction is: Rate ? [Na2S2O3]1 and Rate ? [HCL]0 Rate = C x [Na2S2O3] where C is a constant which is proportional to the rate constant. The reason why the actual rate constant, k, can be calculated is because in the experiments the change in concentration cannot be calculated. However this always the same value as it is the concentration at which the cross disappeared and therefore the rate was proportional to 1/time. The intercept of the graph is equal to logC, -1. 02, therefore C = 10-1. 02 = 0. 095s -1. To conclude the results show that the rate of the reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid is directly proportional to the concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate. This gives evidence to the mechanism of the reaction. In a most reactions the mechanism is not made up of one step but a series of intermediate stages where molecules form and break down. Each of these steps will have a rate which is due to how many molecules are colliding. For example if 2 molecules must collide to for one product the reaction will be 2nd order. However the overall order for the reaction cannot be calculated using the stoichiometry in the overall equation. This is because the rate is determined by the rate of the slowest step of the mechanism, known as the rate determining step. In this reaction although 2HCl molecules are needed for the reaction to take place; however from the kinetics that I found HCl has no effect on the rate and is zero order. Therefore the slowest step in this reaction is the breakdown of 1 Sodium Thiosulphate molecules as the reaction is 1st order. Evaluation. I feel the results I obtained allowed me to draw a graph and come to valid conclusions and be confident about calculating the order and rate equation for this reaction. I didnt have any obvious anomalies from my graph however there are some variations that meant I couldnt calculate a rate of exactly 1. Also from my table of results for changing the concentration of HCl, where all the rates must be the same for difference concentrations, there is a anomaly with the 2. 0moldm-3 concentration. A limitation of my procedure was the way in which the rate was calculated using the disappearing cross method. This involves human judgement rather than a qualitative value that can be used to calculated the rate. There will also be an accuracy issue as there is a reaction time in realising the cross has disappeared and stopping the stopwatch. Another limitation of the procedure at the start of the timing and I had to add the chemicals together and start the stopwatch. This again causes an error in the actual time period taken for the cross to disappear. Another error is in the variation of temperature. As well as environmental variations in temperature the reaction was exothermic and heat is produced. When the temperature increases the k constant will increase, this is because the molecules have more kinetic energy and there is a higher probability that they will collide and react. This means its is hard to control this factor which is affecting the rate of the reaction. There are also many accuracy errors caused by percentage error in measuring. There is a time error in the time taken when the cross disappears and the delay in stopping the time. When using the graduated there was an error of 0. 05/20 = 0. 25% error, human reaction time is about 0. 2/9. 34 = 2. 1%. To reduce this error I would choose another method of measuring the rate. Instead of using the cross method I would use a light intensity machine that could measure the change in colour over a period of time and stop and start timing when it had reach a certain value. This quantitative method of measuring should make the results more accurate. To control the temperature I could use a large water bath which could control the temperature throughout the reaction. Another method that could be used is to measure the products formed. The easiest would be using a gas syringe to measure the amount of SO2 formed. This again would give a more quantitative results and increase the accuracy and reliability.

An Overview Algorithms And Data Structures Computer Science Essay

An Overview Algorithms And Data Structures Computer Science Essay Algorithms consist of a set of rules to execute calculations by hand or machine. It can also be defined as an abstraction consisting a program executed on a machine (Drozdek 2004). This program will follow operations carried out in sequence on data organized in data structures. These data structures are generally categorized into: Linear data structures examples which are arrays, matrices, hashed array trees and linked list among others. The tree data structures which include binary tree, binary search tree, B- trees, heaps e.t.c. Hashes which consist of the commonly used hash table Graph Graph: This is an abstract data structure which implements the graph oriented concepts. The graph will consist of arcs or edges as (x, y) of nodes or vertices. The edges may assume some value or numeric attribute such as cost length or capacity. Some of the operations of the graph structure G would include: Adjacent (x, y) an operation testing whether for the existence of an edge between x and y. Set_ node, value (G x, a) an operation setting the value associated with node x to a Add (G x, y) an operation that adds to the graph an arc from x and y if it is not existent. Graph algorithms are implemented within computer science to find the paths between two nodes like the depth or breadth first search or the shortest path (Sedgewick 2001 p 253). This is implemented by the Dijkstras algorithm. The Floyd Warshall algorithm is used to derive the shortest path between nodes. Linked lists These are linear data structures consisting of a data sequence linked by a reference. Linked lists provide implementation for stacks, queues, skip lists and hash tables. Linked lists are preferred over arrays because the lists may be ordered differently from how they are stored in memory. These lists will therefore allow the removal or insertion of nodes at any point. Each component or record has a node containing an address to the next node called the pointer or next link. The remainder of the fields are known as the payload, cargo, data or information. The list has first node as the head and the last node as the tail. A linked list may be circularly linked where the last node references the first node in the same list or linear where the link field is open. B -Tree This is a tree data structure that stores sorted data and allows searches, deletions, insertions and sequential access. The operations in the B- Tree are normally optimized for bulky data systems. The B -Tree has variants of design. However the B -Tree stores keys in the internal nodes. However this does not normally reflect at the leaves. The general variations are B+ Tree and B* Tree (Comer 129). The searching process is similar for the B- Tree and the binary search tree. It commences at the root and a traversal is executed from top to bottom. The search points at the child pointer with values between the search values. The insertion starts at the leaf node which if containing fewer than legally acceptable elements qualify for an addition, otherwise the node is evenly split into two nodes. A median is chosen in determining the left or right hand placements with values greater than the median going to the right node. The median here acts as the separation value. The deletion process assumes two popular strategies. Either the element located is deleted followed by a restructuring of the tree. Alternatively a scan may be performed followed by a restructuring of the tree after the candidate node to be delete has been identified. Hashes This is a data structure employing the hash function mapping to identity keys. The function transforms the key as an index of an array. The function then maps every key possibility to a unique slot index. Using well dimensioned hash tables every look up is independent of the population in the array. The hash table efficiency is utilized in database indexing, implementation of sets and cache and associative arrays. A simple array is central to the hash table algorithm. This algorithm derives an index from the elements key. This index is then used to store the elements in the array. The hash function f represents the implementation of the calculation. Hash tables implement various types of memory tables. The keys are used in this case for persistent data structures and disk based database indices. Greedy Algorithms. These algorithms work by making most promising decisions at the onset whatever the outcome would be is not taken into consideration at that moment. These algorithms are considered straight forward, simple and short sighted (Chartrand 1984). The upside or advantage to these greedy algorithms is that they are easy to invent and implement and will prove efficient. Their disadvantage is that they are not able problems optimally because of their greedy approach. Greedy algorithms are applied when we try to solve optimization problems. A typical implementation of these algorithms is the making change problem whereby we are required to give change using minimum number of notes or coins. We commence by giving the largest denomination first. Informally the greedy algorithm for this problem would follow the steps below: Begin without anything At each stage and without passing a given amount Consider the largest addition to the set. A formal algorithm of the implementation of the making change problem can be written as here below: MkChange C à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ {100, 25, 10, 5, 1} // C is a constant set of different coinage denominations Sol à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ {X} // Represents the solution set Sumà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 0 which is the sum of items in {X} WHILE Sum. Not = n L =Largest of C such that Sum +L IF no such item THEN RETURN No item SUM à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Sum+L RETURN S. An approach by the greedy algorithm to ensure optimization is the maintaining of two sets one for chosen items and the other for rejected items. Based on the two sets the algorithm will carry out four functions. Function one checks whether the chosen set of items can provide a solution. Function two checks for flexibility of the set. The selection function identifies the candidates. The objective function gives a solution. The greedy algorithm applies for the shortest path. The Dijkstras algorithm aims at determining the length of the shortest path. This path runs from S the source to other nodes. Typically Dijkstras algorithm maintains two sets of nodes S and C. S in this case consists of already selected nodes whereas C will consist of the rest of the nodes within the graph (Papadimitrious Steiglitz 1998). At the initialization of the algorithm our set X has only S. After execution {X} includes all the nodes of the graph. During every step in the algorithm a node in C that is closest to S is chosen. The remainder nodes that dont belong to S will result in a disconnected graph. The diagrams below illustrate the Dijkstra algorithm Considering the graph G = (V, E). Each node of the graph has an infinite cost apart from the source node with 0 costs (Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010) Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Initialize d[S] to zero and choose the node closest to S. Add to S while relaxing all other nodes adjacent to S. Update every node. The diagram here below illustrates this process: Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Choose the closest node X and relax adjacent nodes while updating u, v and y as indicated in the diagram below. Source: Next we consider y as closest and add to S and relax V as indicated in the diagram below Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Consider u and adjust v as a neighbor as indicated in the diagram here below. Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Finally add V and the predecessor list now defines the shortest path from S which was the source node. The diagram below illustrates the resulting shortest path Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Spanning trees Typically graphs will have a number of paths between nodes. Spanning tree graphs consist of all the nodes with a path between any two nodes. A graph consists of different spanning trees. A disconnected graph will represent a spanning forest. A breadth first spanning tree results after a breadth first search on this graph. The depth first spanning tree results after a depth first search on the spanning tree. Spanning tree applications among others includes the travelling salesman problem here below: Problem: Considering an undirected graph G= (V, E) having a non negative integer cost associated with every edge and representing a certain distance. We can derive a tour of the graph G with the minimum cost. The salesman may start from city 1 and go on to the six cities (1 6) and return back to city 1. The first approach would run in the following manner from city: 1 to 4 to 2 to 5 to 6 to 3 to 1 resulting in a total of 62 kilometers. The diagram below shows this approach. Adding the edge weights we have 15+10+8+15+9+5 = 62 Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 The other alternative approach which is the most optimal would run in the following man from city: 1 to 2 to 5 to 4 to 6 to 3 to 1 resulting in a total of 48 kilometers. The diagram below shows this approach. Adding the edge weights we have 10+8+8+8+9+5= 48 Kilometers Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Other applications using the panning tree approach are like the airlines route determination, designing of computer networks, the laying of oil pipelines to connect refineries and road link constructions between cities. (Goodrich Tamassia 2010; Sedgewick 2002). A typical minimum spanning tree application based on the spanning tree application MST(minimum spanning tree) cost can be used o determine the points of connection of some cable for example the fiber optic being laid along a certain path. The edges with a larger weight which corresponds to more cost would be those that require more attention and resources to lay the cable. An appropriate result would be derived from the graph with the minimum cost. Prims Algorithm. The approach for this algorithm is that it proceeds from an arbitrary root node at every stage. A new edge being added to the tree at every step. The addition process terminates when all the nodes in the graph have been achieved. This algorithm concentrates on the shortest edge. Therefore the time lapse for the algorithm will depend on how the edge is searched. The straight forward search method identifies the smallest edge by searching adjacently a list of all nodes in the graph. Every search as an iteration has a cost time O (m). Total cost time to run a complete search is O (mn). The Prim algorithm (basic) takes the following steps: Initialize the tree to consist of a start node WHILE not all nodes in the tree Loop Examine all nodes in the graph with one end point in the tree Find the shortest edge adding it to the tree End. After each step or iteration a partially completed spanning tree holding a maximum number of shortest edges is created as A and B will consist of the remaining nodes. The loop looks for the shortest edge between A and B. Kruskals Algorithm. This is an algorithm that computes the minimum spanning tree (MST). This is done by building a generic algorithm into a forest. Kruskals algorithm will consider every edge and is ordered based on the increasing weight. Consider an edge (u, v) that connecting two different trees. It follows that (u, v) will be added to the set of edges in the generic algorithm. The resultant is a single tree from two trees connected by (u, v). The algorithm can be outlined as follows: Commence with an empty set E selecting at each stage the shortest edge not yet chosen or discarded regardless of its location on the graph MST KRUSKAL (G, w) A à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ { } // the set containing the edges of the MST for every node n in V[G] do make_set (n) sort edge of E by decreasing weights w for each edge (u, n) in E do if FIND_SET (u) not equal FIND_SET (n) then A=A U {(U, N)} UNION (u, n) Return A The algorithm above makes use of disjoint set data structures. Kruskals algorithm can also be implemented with the priority queue data structure. The resulting algorithm is shown below: MST KRUSKAL (G) for each node n in V[G] do define S(n) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ { n} initialize the queue Q consisting of all the edges of the graph G. Weights are not used as key here A à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ { } // This set will contain the edges of the generic algorithm(MST) WHILE A has v-1 edges do n à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ S(n) and u à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ S(u) IF S (n)! = S (u) Then add edge (u, n) to A S(n) U S(u) Return A The Binary Search Tree. A binary tree is one where every internal node X will store an element. Generally the elements in the left sub tree of X are less than or equal to X whereas those on the right sub tree are equal or greater than X. This represents the binary search tree property. The binary search tree height amounts to the number of links between the root and the deepest node (Skeinna 2008). The implementation of the binary search tree is such as a linked data structure where each node is an object with a total of three pointer fields namely left, right and Parent. These points to nodes corresponding to the left, right children and the parent. A NIL in any of these fields indicates no parent or child. The root node contains NIL in the Parent field. Dynamic programming algorithms These typically explores ways of optimization sequence based decisions in determining solutions. The algorithms employed avoid full enumeration of partial decisions that having a sub optimal contribution to the final solution. They instead concentrate only on optimal contributors (Aho Hopcrost 1983). The optimal solution is derived from a polynomial number of decision steps. At other times it is necessary for the algorithm to be fully implemented, however in most cases only the optimal solution is considered. Dynamic programming algorithms use of duplication and every sub solution is stored for later referencing. These solutions to the sub problems are held in a table. The total sub problems are then worked out using the bottom up technique. The steps in this bottom up technique will include the following: Begin by addressing the smallest sub problem Combine and sum up their solution increasing the scope and size UNTIL arriving at the solution of the original problem Dynamic programming relies on the principle of optimality. This principle alludes to the fact that present in an optimal decision or choice sequences are sub sequences that must be optimal as well. Warshall Algorithm. The WFI algorithm as it is also known is a graph analysis algorithm used to determine the shortest path in a weighted graph (Chartrand 1984). A comparison carried out will cover all possible paths between nodes of the graph. Consider graph G with nodes V as 1 to N. Let sPath(i, j, k) be the function that will return the shortest path between I and j while using the nodes 1 to k, demonstrates a recursive formula that results as shown here below sPath(i, j, k) = min{shortestPath(I, j, k-1),shortestPath(i, j, k -1)+shortestPath(k, j, k-1)} shortestPath(i, j, 0) = edgeCost(i, j) This forms the heart of the WFI algorithm. The shortest path is first computed as shortestPath(i, j, k) for all (i, j) pairs of k where k = 1 to n. The Floyd Warshall algorithm iteratively determine paths lengths between nodes (i, j) over i=j. The initial path is considered as zero, the algorithm provides the path lengths between the nodes. Conclusion Data structures and their associated algorithms are fundamental even today in providing the means for data storage and manipulation (Sage 2006). Core and complex computer processing involving memory management functions for operating systems, the database management systems cache implementation rely on data structures and their associated algorithms to execute efficiently and effectively. It is therefore becomes necessary that an adequate study of these data structures and algorithms is carefully studied and understood by system programmers to ensure the design of efficient and effective software.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

â€Å"A man of courage flees towards the start of indifferent things.† In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee there are many dissimilar examples of courageous behavior. There are many different definitions of courage. Some people say that courage is being able to face their fears. Others say that courage is a person with a tough heart. In the novel, Lee describes courage as being â€Å"when you know you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what" (p.112). Courage is the ultimate weapon against racism, war, sexism and unfair circumstances. It can overthrow the man in the highest position and defeat the harshest of words. Courage. It’s what many characters in To Kill a Mockingbird have and know how to exploit. Courageous people make other courageous people and Scout Finch has made that impact on many. Mrs. Henrietta Dubose starts out cold and distant, but then we later realize that she is just overcoming a stage of becoming courageous. Atticus Finch also happens to be one of the boldest people that I have come into contact with. Scout, Mrs. Dubose and Atticus all have the elements of the most courageous people in the novel. Scout Finch has the spunk and brutality of a boy her age, but in the same aspect a warmer heart than most girls. She starts out being quite a tomboy. She beats people up when she doesn’t know what else will resolve her conflict, for example: when she beats up Walter Cunningham because he made her look bad. She plays with boys, including her brother Jem and friend, Dill. She has a lot to handle at such a young age for just growing up in the society of the 1930’s. Scout can conduct herself in such situations that most wouldn’t be able to manage, yet when she has her buttons pushed, she turns to the one thing she uses to express her grief, using her fists. Despite the fact she is a hitter, she uses her words to defend her father. When Mr. Cunningham was outside of the courthouse mocking Atticus for what he is planning to do for Tom Robinson Scout stood her ground for her father and reminded Mr. Cunningham of the fact he, too, was a man like Atticus with a famil y to care for, children that need him and a man trying to make a living.

Alice Walker :: essays research papers

†¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alice Walker was born on February 9, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia. She was born into a poor sharecropper family, and the last of eight children. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the age of 8 she was accidentally shot in the eye by her brother and was blinded on one eye until she the age of 14 when she got an operation and regained some of her sight. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This experience made her very secluded and reserved. She thought a lot about suicide but found comfort in writing. She became an observer rather than a participator in everyday life. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alice Walker herself has said: â€Å"I believe it is from this period – from my solitary, lonely position, the position of an outcast – that I began really to se people and things, really to notice relationships and to learn to be patient enough to care about how they turned out...† †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She was one out of only six black students at the Sarah Lawrence College in New York where she received her Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW has had some problems of her own; she was very depressed after an abortion in senior year at college. She slept with a razor under her pillow for three nights as she wanted to commit suicide. Instead she turned to writing and in a week she wrote the story â€Å"To Hell with Dying†. She only stopped writing to eat and sleep. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW always turned to writing when she was depressed, in these periods she got the greatest inspiration to her stories. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW and her ex-husband Melvyn Leventhal were the first legally married interracial couple to live in the state of Missisippi (married in 1967, divorced in 1976). They had a daughter, Rebecca. She later remarried fellow editor Robert Allen. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW was active in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s. She has spoken for the women’s movement, the anti-apartheid movement, for the anti-nuclear movement and against female genital mutilation. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW calls herself â€Å"a womanist â€Å", her term for a black feminist. She is one of the female Afro-American writers founding the concept â€Å"New Black Renaissance† . Style †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW’s work is deeply rooted in oral tradition; in the passing on of stories from generation to generation in the language of the people. To AW the language had a great importance. She uses the â€Å"Slave language†, which by others is seen as â€Å"not correct language†, but this is because of the effect she wants the reader to understand. Alice Walker :: essays research papers †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alice Walker was born on February 9, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia. She was born into a poor sharecropper family, and the last of eight children. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the age of 8 she was accidentally shot in the eye by her brother and was blinded on one eye until she the age of 14 when she got an operation and regained some of her sight. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This experience made her very secluded and reserved. She thought a lot about suicide but found comfort in writing. She became an observer rather than a participator in everyday life. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alice Walker herself has said: â€Å"I believe it is from this period – from my solitary, lonely position, the position of an outcast – that I began really to se people and things, really to notice relationships and to learn to be patient enough to care about how they turned out...† †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She was one out of only six black students at the Sarah Lawrence College in New York where she received her Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW has had some problems of her own; she was very depressed after an abortion in senior year at college. She slept with a razor under her pillow for three nights as she wanted to commit suicide. Instead she turned to writing and in a week she wrote the story â€Å"To Hell with Dying†. She only stopped writing to eat and sleep. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW always turned to writing when she was depressed, in these periods she got the greatest inspiration to her stories. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW and her ex-husband Melvyn Leventhal were the first legally married interracial couple to live in the state of Missisippi (married in 1967, divorced in 1976). They had a daughter, Rebecca. She later remarried fellow editor Robert Allen. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW was active in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s. She has spoken for the women’s movement, the anti-apartheid movement, for the anti-nuclear movement and against female genital mutilation. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW calls herself â€Å"a womanist â€Å", her term for a black feminist. She is one of the female Afro-American writers founding the concept â€Å"New Black Renaissance† . Style †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW’s work is deeply rooted in oral tradition; in the passing on of stories from generation to generation in the language of the people. To AW the language had a great importance. She uses the â€Å"Slave language†, which by others is seen as â€Å"not correct language†, but this is because of the effect she wants the reader to understand.

Essay --

INTRODUCTION: Corruption in modern India from a common man’s view is about paying bribes in order to get some work done from government officers. Corruption is a result of connection between politicians and bureaucrats. Before, bribes were paid to get the wrong things done but now bribes are paid to get the things done at right time. PLACES WHERE CORRUPTION EXISTS: POLITICS: Corruption in politics takes place mostly at the time of election. A huge amount of money is collected by political parties and leaders from industrialist and businessman for election. In return these industrialists multiply their income by making profits out of licenses and tenders with the help of politicians during the election or after the election. Money is poured in election and votes are purchased with the help of booth capturing and compulsory voting which is practiced by corrupt politicians to remain in power. Many politicians including cabinet ministers and Chief Ministers are involved in biggest scams like 2G spectrum scam (176000 crore), Adarsh housing society scam (70000 crore), Coal mining scam (186000 crore). LAND AND PROPERTY: Large number of buildings are illegally constructed in order to meet the demands of people moving to large cities in search of jobs. Buildings are created quickly with poor construction materials and without any proper safety measures. It is often seen that builders pay huge amount of bribes to government officials so that they ignore the illegal structures and do not take any action against the builders. Many buildings are collapsed every year because low quality of material is used. In 2013, Thane building collapsed that killed 72 people and 67 people were killed in 2010 when an apartment building collapsed in Delhi. BL... ... term. HOW TO CONTROL CORRUPTION: Some specific measures to control corruption are, †¢ Right to Information Act was introduced in the year 2005. It gives information to citizens regarding what government does with our tax payments. There is Public Information Officer is appointed in every government department. These officers collects the information from citizens and if the officer refuses to accept the application, then he is fined up to Rupees 25,000-. †¢ Central Vigilance Commission is another way to control corruption. It was introduced by government to advice and guide central government departments in the area of vigilance. It has the responsibility to create an awareness among people with the consequences of taking and giving bribes. †¢ Special courts must be introduced for speedy justice and there must be a bill introduced in parliament for corrupt people.

Egans 3 Stage Counselling Model Essay

This essay will describe the skills and theories involved in the first stage of Egans three stage integrative helping model. In his person centred counselling model, Carl Rogers detailed 6 core conditions for effective counselling. However, he concentrated on 3 that he considered were essential for the counsellor. These 3 conditions were a. ‘unconditional positive regard’ which describes how the counsellor displays complete acceptance of their client without judging them. (respect) b. ‘empathy’ where the counsellor must demonstrate a deep understanding of the client, or seeing the world from their perspective; not reflecting on their own experiences. c. ‘congruence’ ensures that the therapist is completely honest and genuine with the client. This means that they are encouraged to show their feelings rather than hiding behind a faà §ade. These core conditions are essential throughout the counselling process, as they will naturally help to build a rapport between the therapist and their client. It is important that the client feels valued from the beginning; this will help them open up, once a mutual trust and respect has been established. In addition, with unconditional positive regard, the client must feel that they can discuss any subject at all without the fear of being judged. Essentially, stage one of Egan’s helping model is the storytelling phase. It allows the therapist to explore and be understanding of the clients’ situation, utilising skills drawn from the humanistic approach to counselling. Stage one is further broken down into three separate phases. Initially, the client should be provided with a safe environment where they can tell their story in their own way. As this is very early in the relationship, the counsellor must utilise good active listening skills and open questioning in order to help the client explore their situation and open up.

Teaching Competency of English Language Teachers

COMMUNICATION AS AN IMPORTANT SOFT SKILL IN LANGUAGE TEACHING Mrs. N. Mahalakshmi D. T. Ed. , M. A. , M. Ed. , NET. , PGDACE. Research Scholar Department of Education Annamalai University ————————————————- [email  protected] com Abstract ————————————————- English is being taught as a second language in our Indian schools. As it is our national language, much importance is given to this language in our education system. The language teachers are expected to be more competent to develop the basic skills of the language so as to develop the communicative competence of the learners.Now-a-days, soft skills are considered as another important aspect of the teachers for efficient teaching. Regarding the soft skills, communication skill is the most important one that is needed by the language teachers to optimize the learning experience of the students. This paper tries to reveal the need of Effective Communication Skill as one of the important soft skill for the language teachers. The concept of soft skills Soft skills can be said to incorporate all aspects of generic skills that include the cognitive elements associated with non-academic skills.Soft skills are identified to be the most critical skills in the current global education and the era of technology. The reorientation of education for sustainability also relates the importance of these soft skills. Soft skills in Education Vast research and expert opinions have been sought in the effort to determine the specific soft skills to be implemented and used in higher institutions of learning. Based on the research findings obtained, seven soft skills have been identified and chosen to be implemented in higher education as: * Communicative skills * Thinking skills and problem solving skills * T eam work force Life-long learning and information management * Entrepreneur skill * Ethics, moral and professionalism and * Leadership skill The important soft skill needed for the language teacher Communication is as important aspect of language teaching. Effective communication skills are required for effective language teaching. Teachers of English are expected to have good command over the language and possess excellent communication skills. Communication skills include – using the target language effectively, the way of speaking, body language and facial expressions, pitch and tone of voice and interpersonal skills.It is possible that they have some presuppositions about communication and communication skills which are considered to be one major factor in becoming an effective teacher. According to Dettmer, Thurston, and Dyck (1996), West and Cannon (1988), and Carl Rogers (1962) communication is among the most important skills for educators to possess. The role of commu nication is emphasized also by Lunenburg & Ornstein (1996, p. 176) as: â€Å"Communication is the lifeblood of the school; it is a process that links the individual, the group, and the organization†.A gap in meaning between the intended and the received message can cause problems in the outcome of even the best teaching decision. Poor listening skills, ambiguous use of verbal and nonverbal language, poor semantics, and differing values are all items that can distort a message. To become effective communicators, educators must be aware of these potential problems and consciously work to eliminate them from their classroom interactions. They must also become knowledgeable about the importance of language in the learning process which gives a vital role to language teachers.Body language of the teacher In the communication skill, the body language and the facial expression of the teacher is of much importance which arrests students’ participation. The ‘presence†™ that a teacher has in the classroom is crucial in determining ‘how much’ learning takes place and ‘how well’ learning takes place. A tension free atmosphere is extremely important in language learning classroom. More than what behaviour reveals, it is the non-verbal behaviour that is of significance. Self respect, confident behaviour and tone and eye contact are some positive indicators.Some of the ways in which body language can improve the desired atmosphere within the class are: * Keeping eye contact with the student you are talking to, and with every student in the class; * Standing ‘tall’ and walking in with head held high, instead of shuffling in, head bowed; * Having a calm, relaxed face – smiling and laughing easily; * Using facial expressions that show you are listening and responding to what the student is saying; * Smiling and nodding when a student is saying something; Linguistic competence versus Communicative competence Language is a tool of communication.One can communicate ideas, thoughts, feelings, opinions, attitudes, information and even misinformation through language. Different people express the same idea in different words. Language is a tool serving four main functions. These important functions are important for effective communication in the language classroom. The important functions of the language are: * Social function * Informative function * Expressive function * Directive function Keeping in mind these four important functions of language, let’s examine if our students are effective communicators in English.Most of our graduates are good at writing beautiful and very literary answers to questions on Shakespeare, Wordsworth and other great writers. However, their literary competence isn’t enough for them to be able to communicate effectively and efficiently in everyday situations. The ability to communicate requires us to use language to perform interpersonal functi ons such as starting a conversation, joining and leaving a conversation, making the hearer feel comfortable, giving options, and so on. Mere linguistic competence isn’t sufficient.Of course, there’s no denying the value of linguistic mastery, which is the basis for communicative competence. Without words and grammar patterns, one can’t think of building communicative competence. However, rules of use are more essential than rules of grammar. Many graduates don’t know how to introduce themselves and how to introduce others; they don’t know how to ask for information politely, how to disagree tactfully, how to offer suggestions, etc. This is one very significant aspect that we need to pay attention to. Secondly, their English is bookish.They don’t know that choice of syntax and vocabulary depends on the topic, the occasion, and the relationship between the speaker and the listener. It’s important to know what to say, when, to whom and h ow. Thirdly, the students need to be told that the vocabulary and syntax of spoken English are different from vocabulary and grammar of written English. They seem to be unaware of the fact that the words and grammar of spoken English are simpler than those of written English. As a result, they don’t use contracted forms and question tags while conversing and their English sounds bookish.Developing the communication skills of the learners In language teaching developing the skill of listening, speaking, reading and writing  skills should be given importance. These language skills are the foundation of communication skills. A good communicator is a keen and interested listener. Even a good listener cannot be an effective speaker. In order to be a good speaker, one has to master the accent, the rhythm and the intonation of the English language. Also one has to mind the tone of voice and make an effective use of facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, and posture.An excellen t communicator uses verbal and non-verbal language to achieve the best effect. In order to develop good communication skills of the students, the language teacher need to * develop the listening, speaking, reading and writing skills * to be able to use language to perform various functions * master the rhythm, accent and intonation of the language * understand the differences between spoken and written language * remember the difference between meanings and messages Conclusion To remedy this situation we need to connect literature teaching with life outside.In language teaching, the academic world and the real world should not stand apart as islands. From the standpoint of the learner, the great waste in the school comes from the learner’s inability to utilize the experiences he gets outside the school. To fill up this gap, the communication skill should be given importance in language teaching. Developing communication skills of the learners requires the efficiency of langua ge teachers. So, the communication skill should be given primary importance both at the pre-service and in-service level of the language teaching.REFERENCE * Applbaum, L. et. al. , 1973, Fundamental Concepts in Human Communication, Confield Press, London * Brown, H. D. 1981, Principles of Language Learning & Teaching, Prentice Hall, Enlewood Cligts. * Corner, J. et. al. , 1993, Communication Studies:An Introductory Reader, Edward Arnold, London. * Dickinsen L. and Carver D. J. 1980. Steps Towards Self-direction in Foreign Language Learning in Schools. ELT. Vol. 35:1-7. * Dickinsen L. 1987. Self-instruction in Language Learning. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Langston Hughes: Historical Perspective Essay

The two poems that I chose to write about are â€Å"The Negro Mother† and â€Å"Mother to Son† by Langston Hughes. Both of these poems are about a mother speaking to her children and speaking of the hard times that she has been through in the past. If we read these poems it’s very much telling us about history and the things that black people had to endure back in the days. Many people can view it as her speaking to her children or to her son directly but I see it as her speaking to the black children of society. The Negro Mother is a poem where a mother is speaking to her children about her struggles and reminding them of her ancestors and their days as a slave â€Å"I am the one who labored as a slave, beaten and mistreated for the work that I gave† (Hughes, 2012, Line 11). At the beginning of the poem she begins to tell of the horrible things and how bad things were but then starts to tell her children a type of hope and telling them â€Å"Stand like free men supporting my trust. Believe in the right, let none push you back. † (Hughes, 2012, Line 36). In the poem Mother to Son, we have the similar theme where the mother speaks of her struggles in life. She describes her life as stairs and says that her â€Å"life for me ain’t been no crystal stair. † (Hughes, 2012, Line 2) Just like on the first poem she continues to encourage her son and telling him never to give up. â€Å"don’t you fall now- for I’se still goin’ honey. I’se still climbin’† (Hughes, 2012, Line 17). What I thought she meant here is don’t give up because after all that I have been through, I am still going.

Forensic Psychology Essay

1.How often is the insanity defense used and how successful is it? I would like to answer this question, with the presentation of my opinion and the performed research. It is within my opinion, that the insanity defense is used over excessively and is taking part in almost every defense to any crime. Offenders seem to have the knowledge to the use of this defense and will often provide a plea to guilty by insanity or temporary insanity, within the faith, to receive a reduced sentence. While insanity has to be a proven fact and a psychologist has to conduct a variety of tests to confirm the offender is suffering from a mental incompetence or insanity, most offenders have the ability to mislead or deceive psychologists to receive the evaluation they seek. Such action, if discovered, would actually prove the sanity of such offenders, but in most cases, it cannot be ascertained. The success of such defense is, within my view, very effective. The performed research is revealing a different answer. According to the St. Joseph News Press (2007), it has stated the opposite to my opinion. This article within a study of the national mental health institute claim’s; â€Å"the insanity defense plea is used in less than one (1) percent of criminal cases in the United States and less than a quarter of those pleas are successful†. Retrieved from; St. Joseph News Press (2007). With these opinions and views in combination, one would have to conduct further studies on this subject, to establish the correct answer. Everyone has different sentiments, within the use of the insanity defense and the successfulness of such validation. 2. Identify and discuss the major criticisms of the insanity defense. It is my belive,the major criticism of the insanity defense could be the establishment of prove to the claim of insanity. More often, offenders will try to make use of this defense for the hope of receiving a reduced sentence or the sentence to receive institutional care. According to my research, there are three (3) major criticisms within the insanity defense. The Insanity defense is mentioned as confusing to the psychiatric and legal concept. Furthermore, it is explained that the word â€Å"insane† is more of a legal word, then a medical term, and therefor to prove a person or a criminal insane, one must find the mental condition, of a criminal, severely impaired to the point of losing one’s free will. A psychiatrist may be or may not able to determine such illness, and a jury’s decision solely based on a psychiatrists’ opinion may be grounded on unreliable evidence. Retrieved from; West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2 (2008). 2. This criticism is on the moral basis and the consequences. This section suggests that the crime is of more importance, then the moral imperatives. It also addresses the way a criminal, who does plea insanity, should be trialed and punished for the crime. It is suggested, that the criminal should be convicted and the mental illness should be taken in consideration at the time of sentencing. If this method would be used by the court, it would allow the judge to determine the length of imprisonment, within a hospital prison, and the defendant would have to provide prove of improvement to the once dangerous behavior. Retrieved from; West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2 (2008). 3. This last criticism, is turned to the rich and wealthy criminals, who make use of the insanity plea. It is argued; â€Å"only wealthy defendant have the ability to retain a high-priced psychiatrist, who may be able to declare the defendant insane with the performed examination†. It also is believed, people who have less monetary funds and depend on the defense of a public defender, will not receive the same quality of defense, and they are also unable to receive the same value within the insanity exam. Such critic is based on the suggestion, that the insanity defense should be eliminated. Retrieved from; West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2 (2008). 3. When a mentally ill person is convicted and incarcerated, what are some of the difficulties in providing appropriate psychological treatment for these offenders? The difficulties in providing appropriate care, to a incarcerated mentally ill person, would stand to the inappropriate care and knowledge of the staff or facility personnel, to the condition of the mentally ill. A prison or jail is not equipped nor can such establishment provide the correct treatment to the mentally ill. To take in consideration the staff and the special medical treatment such person would require, every day, while in such confinement. But the alternative to this problem is stated in: Wrightsman’s Psychology and the Legal System, 6e,(2011) in which it is proposed; â€Å"When defendants are found incompetent to stand trial, they can be committed for a period of treatment designed to restore their competence†. And also; â€Å"for dealing with the unrestorably incompetent criminal defendant include her or his waiving the right to be found incompetent to proceed to trial and using a special form of commitment for incompetent defendants who are judged at a provisional trial to be guilty of the crimes with which they are chargedâ€Å". Retrieved from; Wrightsman’s Psychology and the Legal System, 6e, pg; 249 (2011). It is my believe, the above suggested method, would be the better approach to the incarceration of incompetent or the mentally ill offenders.

Communication strategy for Audi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communication strategy for Audi - Essay Example What is meant by this is application of the appropriate media and messages with the aim of communicating the information to the targeted UK market successfully. There are basic things that may be needed by customers from different places in the UK. Despite their needs their preferences and tastes of a product always vary from one customer to another. The explanation for the difference lies in geographic, culture and socioeconomic environments. These are state in which the goods are consumed. The sociological and location factors influence the consumer’s behavior and directly apply to communication. Audi has got many customers in UK market inclusive of billionaires, and others are aged below 30 years. The statistics have been pointed out specifically to show that customers in this market change. Studies done in the past have revealed that decision making, purchasing criteria and channels of communication are different with the younger customers than the generation of the past w ho got wealth in the post cultural revolution. Although the currently rich customers in their 50’s make major targets for Audi products, a marketer should be in a position to forecast future developments. The main purpose of this report is to establish the targeted customers, their ways of processing information, how they use their personal and mass communication and their attitude to Audi products. Discussion The significance of implication of good strategies in communication marketing strategies by Audi is essential. Effective communication to the targeted market will grow into a critical state. The behavior of a consumer can be narrowed down to how the customers process information, the process of making a decision and their culture (Kotler & Armstrong, 2004). Due to the difference in consumers, there must be a difference in marketing communication. Marketing communication is a process of management whereby the consumers communicates with an organization. It incorporates p ersonal and mass communication at various levels of the process. Personal communication is communication in marketing on how information is relayed to a consumer by the sales person. In addition to that, it is concerned with how media information is interpreted. Mass communication is communication in the market on different means through which firms convey information via mass media directed towards a large portion of the population. Based on Audi, the main reason for this report is to help understand Audi’s behavior on the grounds of its purchase, which defines a perfect strategy in marketing communication. This report will be divided into five. These are the Audi market, behavior of the consumer, market differences, market communication and the findings which to recommendation. Audi brand Horch one of the starters of Audi is also a founder of the automotive industry in German. This firm was situated in Saxony which is town well known of technology. In 1989, this firmâ€℠¢s yearly sales exceeded 100 for the first moment. In 1909, due to the misunderstandings between the supervisor and the board, Horch resigned from this firm and instantly started another company. Horch being the initial firm’s name was changed to Audi which was a Latin word having the same meaning as Horch. The development of Audi as a brand cannot be separated from the hard work and operations of Horch. From the time Audi came into existence, Horch made his point of attraction, which is the production of high quality. As his firm’s appearance, technology and performance improved Audi also earned a name. In 1969, the Volkswagen group under Audi with the support of finance by the

Double-sidedness of Advice on Position of Parents Essay

Double-sidedness of Advice on Position of Parents - Essay Example (.Mihaly & Rathunde. p28). The older people thwart the dreams of children by becoming very rigid in the decisions they impose on them. People can see through this story that advice and suggestion from the perspective of adults can kill diverse dreams before young people try. It does not mean all advice and opinion influence negative effects because they have already experienced about what they said, and it could be a useful guideline to live. However, these kinds of adults’ thought and behaviors can make children and young people just follow the safe instruction. This statement means that there is no adventure as the owner of the independent life. I think if all people stuck with their dreams, people and society would be getting hard. Korea’s job crisis can be an example. Korea is a unique country that achieved rapid development in a short period from developing to a developed country. Previous generation lived this result fiercely while they have stood against lots of changes like World War and done the hard job like dirty, dangerous, and difficult job called 3D job. The parents who went through thes e hard times did not want their children to experience what they had already experienced. They would encourage their children to work hard in studies as scarifying themselves without spending money for them since they believed the way to escape difficult situation is getting white-collar jobs. Such jobs were very lucrative by that time. This thought and efforts of the previous generation altered society’s perception of a job, so the job crisis that cause most young people in Korea try only to get into the white-collar job has happened. Moreover, many Koreans nowadays want to work at similar field such as management department and enter large corporations. They do such without considering which department is more valuable for them and makes them more attractive, which worsens the job crisis.

Soda tax in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soda tax in the US - Essay Example Statistics show that more than one third or 35.7% of adults in the US are obese and suffer from obesity-related conditions such as diabetes and coronary diseases. Obesity prevalence varies across different states whereby, in 2002, all states had a prevalence of more than 20% with the prevalence ranging from 34.7% in Louisiana to 20.5% in Colorado. Furthermore, the federal’s annual medical expense of obesity as of 2008 was $ 147 billion dollars (CDC, 2013). Prompted by the rise in obesity in the country, different researchers have hypothesizes different causes and suggested solutions aimed at mitigating the harmful social and economic effects of obesity. The soda tax is one such suggestion; however, not all agree on the possible benefits likely to result from the taxation of soft drinks. Whether or not adopting the soda tax in the US proves sufficient in reducing the obesity rate in the country remains a controversial issue for those for and against the tax policy. Proponents for the tax base their argument on credible research findings, which indicate that taxing soft drinks reduces high caloric intake minimizing an individual’s probability of developing obesity. First introduced as an abstract idea by the Director of Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity (RCFPO) Kelly D. Brownell in 1994, the soda tax aimed to improve public health while simultaneously raise revenue in the US economy. Later studies done in Yale University by the RCFPO in 2011 indicated that a penny-per-ounce levy on soft drinks would function to reduce consumption by 13%, which resulted in the elimination of 8,000 calories from a regular, American’s diet annually.... inancial implication of obesity as a reason for taxing soft drinks, which many researchers have hypothesized as one of the leading causes of obesity in the US. Revenue generated from taxing soft drinks proves beneficial for the federal and state governments whereby, governmental officials can use the funds to offset financial deficits in the budget. A survey done by the U.S Department of Health and Human Services in 2012 indicated that taxing soft drinks would generate revenue of $ 14.9 billion dollars within the first fiscal year alone (Fletcher et al, 2010). Conversely, those against the tax policy sight poor lifestyle habits such as living a sedentary life and poor nutrition (high cholesterol diet) as major causes of obesity, which if not addressed would render taxing soft drinks inefficient in minimizing the obesity rate within the country. Research done by Fletcher and colleagues in 2009 aimed at examining the impact of fluctuating soda tax in different states on body mass index (BMI) revealed that soft drinks consumption accounted for 7% of total energy intake. They concluded that if taxed at the average taxation rate of tobacco (58%) the mean BMI of the US population would only decrease by 0.16 points reducing obesity in the population by 0.7% (Fletcher et al, 2010). This showed that soft drink taxes’ influence on BMI is minimal and does little to decrease obesity in the population. Furthermore, those against this policy are of the opinion that taxation of soft drinks does not limit their accessibility because many are willing to spend more money for their preferred luxury items such as soft drinks. In conclusion, it is apparent that both the public and the government stand to benefit from the soda tax. Taxing soft drinks generates revenue for the government,

Demand and suppy SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Demand and suppy SLP - Essay Example Price: It is considered to be one of the imperative factors which may change the demand of a particular product or service. It can be affirmed that an increase in the price of the products may often lead the customers to purchase substitute products resulting in creating variation in demand at large. Supply: The availability of a product also has a direct influence on the demand of the products. It is often viewed that low supply or higher supply in products to the market may lead in change in demand. Therefore, supply should be made on the basis of the requirement. Competitiveness: It is considered to be the other factor that may lead to alteration in demand of the goods and services by a certain degree. With the increasing competition in the business market, demand of the goods or the services can be viewed to be changed substantially (Stonebraker, 2013). With the growing competition in the business market, it can be viewed that several organizations are coming up with inventing new products that prove to be more advanced and user friendly as compared to others. For example, Samsung, an international producer of electronic products is currently giving tough competition to Apple through offering quality products similar to Apple (Sherr & Lessin, 2013). In order to determine about how the business market changed for Apple’s particular good or service in the preceding few years, it can be affirmed that the development of pioneering technologies has not only resulted in advancing the existing industry, but also provided greater opportunities to new and upcoming industries. It can be apparently observed that Apple has grown into one of the major manufacturers of mobile devices in recent times. The adoption as well as the employment of pioneering technologies in manufacturing new products eventually helped Apple to

Creating Powerful Performance Profiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Creating Powerful Performance Profiles - Essay Example The talent director will use his skills to coordinate all programs on this direction. Once a year, the director reviews the standard recruiting procedures. In addition, there is a two week time frame for developing recruiting strategies for each sector within the organization. The talent director is has one month to source candidates for any vacancies. This occurs through advertisements, screening, interviews and pre-employment procedures. Three days after being engaged, new employees will be required to undergo in-house training programs to acquaint them with operations within the organization. This requires the talent manager to fully understand all operations in order to offer effective guidance to new employees. The talent manager will use his understanding of HR related laws and regulations in ensuring that the organization fully abides to every requirement. Monthly reviews are conducted with the aim of gauging the performance of the department in this respect. On the weekly briefings with the top managers, the talent director informs the management on the all new developments regarding the department. In addition, the talent director prepares performance reports on monthly basis which are supplied to the management of the organization. On this, the director puts into use the skills on communication and collaborative engagement. As a sales executive, I will be required to find market for the car company which sells vehicles in the region. This will also involve arranging and coordinating client demonstrations while providing them with competitive options and quotations. In addition, the sales executive will also be required to create an effective sales staff by providing quality guidance on the recruitment, interviewing and training of all the sales staff in the organization. Lastly, the sales executive prepares accurate weekly reports to the management while also preparing elaborate monthly report on the overall performance of

Holy Trinity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Holy Trinity - Essay Example Lastly, the Holy Trinity is â€Å"immutable and unalterable forever† (Knight). This implies that nothing can ever destroy the Holy Trinity and that it can never be destroyed or the Three Persons ever be separated. The proofs of the Holy Trinity are found in both the Old and New Testaments but mostly in the latter, although these proofs are rather implied than stated directly. In the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus states after His Resurrection, â€Å"Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit† (Mt. 28:19, New American Standard Bible). This passage clearly implies the distinction between the Three Persons – the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Furthermore, the fact that the conjunction â€Å"and† connects the names of these Three Persons somehow ascribe to them a sense of equality in terms of Godhood. All three therefore are One God. Moreover, the three words that precede the nam es of the Three Persons – â€Å"in the name† – somehow implies and affirms the God nature of not only one but all these Three Persons. Thus, the Father is not the only Person in One God but also the Son and the Holy Spirit. ... On the other hand, the Third Person of the Holy Trinity – the Holy Spirit – is mentioned by Jesus Christ Himself in the Gospel of Luke: â€Å"†¦the Holy Spirit will teach you in that very hour what you ought to say† (Lk. 12:12). Moreover, Jesus mentions the Holy Spirit again in the Gospel of John: â€Å"When the Helper comes, whom I will send to you from the Father, that is the Spirit of truth who proceeds from the Father, He will testify about Me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Jn. 15:26). These aforementioned passages imply only one thing – that the Holy Spirit is the Third Person of the Holy Trinity, and that He is always mentioned to have a divine connection with the Father and the Son. The doctrine of the Holy Trinity, however, met with several oppositions from various individuals as well as other Christian denominations. The first of these oppositions was from the Alexandrian priest named Arius in the year 325. His proposed doctrine, which was known as Arianism , denied the doctrine of the Holy Trinity on the grounds that â€Å"personal distinctions were not eternally present within the nature of God† (Dorman). Moreover, according to Arius, â€Å"Before time began, the Father had created the Son by the power of the Word to be His agent in creation† (Dorman). Thus, for Arius, the idea of the Son being created by the Father means that the Son must not be identified with the Godhead. As a creation of the Father, the Son is therefore, although created before the world, lacks the divine nature of the Father and is therefore NOT equal to Him (Schaff). This heresy, however, was condemned at the ecumenical Council of Constantinople in the year 381 (â€Å"The Doctrine of the Trinity†). The one who faced Arius and the Arians in opposition was Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria during the 4th century

Final Reflective Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Final Reflective - Assignment Example Cascio (2006) defined human resource policies as the process of organizing the resource planning, performance management, employee relations and supporting administrative roles. This report will focus on identifying the process and importance of human resource policies within in the organizational framework. The researcher will also try to evaluate the effectiveness of these policies within the organizational context. The process of developing human resource policies depend on the specific needs of a firm and its employees. Most of the firm try to develop their human resource polices by relating them to their organizational objectives which provides an explicit direction to the workforce (Adeniji & Osibanjo, 2012). The influence of the policies can either be negative or positive based on the effectiveness of implementing them. For instance, Microsoft Corp.’s HR policy of stack ranking is criticized as one of the worst policies (Burstein, 2013). The policy was focused on ranking the employees based on their performance which took an ugly form and emerged in the form of organizational politics and decreasing productivity (Burstein, 2013). Focusing on the process of policy making, the basic aspects of policy framing and drafting will be referred in the report. The first step for policy making is to identify the need. This step involves all the HR personnel of the company. The line managers will collect the data on the progress, performance and productivity of the employees and forward it to the senior managers (Cascio, 2006). The senior managers analyze the data and identify the gaps in the work culture and work structure. Based on this, a basic framework for the policy is developed and further forwarded to the higher management of the company. This is where the policy framework is compared and aligned with the strategic decision making process (McKenzie & Wharf, 2010). The second step is to assess the scope of the