Boundaries of Freedom

The human rights of an individual play a very important role in his or her everyday life. The right to life, liberty, property, and freedom of speech are just some of the human rights that an individual is entitled to. He or she should have these inalienable rights for the very reason that he or she is a human being and he or she needs these in order to live a life with decency and dignity. Nevertheless, the freedom and rights that people have sometimes tends to conflict with the rights of others.This is due to the fact that individuals have different interests that sometimes overlap or create disagreement among people. As a result, the exercise of an individual’s freedom and human rights also has its limitations. The boundaries of freedom are observable in time of national crisis as well as in the government’s operation to give secure its citizens from harmful threats. In time of national crisis, the security of the citizens of a particular country is greatly challenge d.This is also the instance by which the government needs to exercise more than ever their authority to safeguard the rights and protect its citizens. Due to this, the boundaries in the freedom of people are most observable. In most countries especially in democratic ones, the government acquires its authority because the people entrusted them to uphold and protect their rights. In this sense, the government has the responsibility to lead and protect the people. The decisions and actions that they need to do in time of national crisis entails that it should be for the good of the greater number of people (Semonche, 2002).If the practice of an individual’s right will jeopardize the welfare of many people then the government have to do the necessary action to address this issue including preventing the individual to practice such right. Simply put, the limitation of an individual’s freedom is seen when he or she infringe upon the rights of another. During instances when the security of the people are threatened like in terrorist attacks, the government should do the possible means necessary in order to combat those violent perpetrators.However, the government should be mindful that they should not infringe upon the freedom and personal rights of the people. They should see to it that in times of operations or war, the innocent bystanders should not be involved. They have to make sure that there should be very minimal numbers of civilian casualties (Semonche, 2002). Moreover, the government should know their limitations. The government should always keep in mind that in every operation that they will make the greater good for the majority of the people should be implemented.Lastly, before entering into any armed combat they should be sure that it is a just war wherein the result is greater than damage it will inflict while in the state of war. Reference Semonche, J. (2002). Constitutional Rights in Times of National Crisis: An Historical Perspective . Retrieve February 24, 2009, from http://www. ibiblio. org/semche/history/civlib. html. http://www. ibiblio. org/semche/history/civlib. html http://www. un. org/News/Press/docs/2004/gashc3793. doc. htm http://www. campus-watch. org/article/id/891

Coping with Methuselah

In the reading selection â€Å"Coping with Methuselah†, the authors Aaron and Schwartz work well together to convey their ideas using all three principles of argument to their readers. Aaron and Schwartz literally begin with the principle of ethos in their passage titled â€Å"About the Authors† which states their professional accomplishments (articles they have written, major universities they are associated with) individually and together. Immediately this reader is convinced that their knowledge base is extensive and they are a reducible source.Eifel it was especially convincing for these two colleagues to voice the same arguments to its audience together. There is more authority when two professionals with such expertise are voicing the same concerns. They also use the principle of pathos (probably the most) throughout the reading selection. Some examples are the title alone. â€Å"Coping with Methuselah† immediately takes the reader straight to religion whic h can bring to the table a large array of emotions.Another example is Aaron and Schwartz asking the reader open ended questions such as â€Å"Is the age of Methuselah at hand? And if so What does this mean for public policy in the U. S. Or the world? † This allows the reader to feel in control of their own thoughts but these questions are rhetorical. They are followed by information that transform your thoughts. The biggest emotional play here was their questions to the audience about if a patient refuses the extension of their wan life (has a choice).Would this be considered a form of suicide? Wow! Lastly, the authors use the principle of logos throughout the reading selection also. Aside from emotions, a great deal of the audience wants logical justifications as well. They give many ideas to how this will change the costs of Social Security, Medicare, etc. They suggest to the reader that money, stability and global demographics will be negatively affected.

Ernest Hemingway Fifty Grand Essay Essay

This short story is one of the stories in Men Without Women, written by Ernest Hemingway, an American writer. I started to love every Hemingway’s short story since I reached this semester especially this short story, which is tells about boxing that is one of my favorite sport. I think Hemingway was a man’s man. He wrote everything covered both things that happened in World War I and World War II, he had deep-sea stories, he liked to tell about himself, every journey he had done and using I which is refered to his main character of his stories that could make people who never read his stories would think that I, refered to Hemingway itself. He removes himself from the role of narrator. The stories are almost wholly composed of dialogue. One must engage him or herself in the narratives and ignite his or her imagination to understand the emotional core of each of these stories. Hemingway expects us to. Back to the topic, I am going to give a short review first about this story before I work on my paper. This short story tells us about an aging-boxing champ named Jack Brennan who did his last fight against Jim Walcott, a fresh-young boxer. Jack trained by Jerry Doyle, the narrator itself, and also the only closest friend that Jack had. Jack suffered a great insomnia, how he missed his wife and decided this fight against Jim Walcott will be the last fight for him. Jack knew he can’t stand against Walcott because he is too old to beat a young boxer like Walcott. But the only problem which took my attention starts from here when Jack’s manager, John and a couple of friends with him (we finally knew that both strangers are Morgan and Steinfelt), visited him at Hogan’s health ranch but Jack wasn’t there. He was in his room. Then Jerry, John and his friends went to Jack’s room. They knocked the door but there was not an answer from Jack. So John turned the handle and went in to the room with others. After they met each other and some dialogue between them, John asked Jerry to Jerry to find Hogan because they want to see him but Jack forbade him to go. But Jerry did not listen to Jack. When Jerry left the room, I think there is  important part which is missing. If we go further of this short story we can find a moment when Jack got drunk and told Jerry that he bet $50,000 against himself and tried to lose intentionally against Walcott. Yes, he tried to lose intentionally in his last fight. It was so irrational. I think we, as readers, have missed the important part of this short or probably the narrator deliberately omit that part, the reason why Jack changed his mind. I do not think that he was too old to keep his bet as the only reason why. I am sure there must be something when Jerry left the Jack’s room between Jack, John, Jack’s manager and his friends in there. John and his friends must have said something to Jack and made him change his mind even bet against himself. I try to find out what happened out there on internet. I try to find the missing puzzle in this short story but I get nothing. If we think that Jack was too old to beat Walcott, a fresh-young boxer, why he didn’t decide not to fight from beginning? Why he told Jerry to put a bet on Walcott after he met John and his friends? I used to think that because he never slept at night, how he missed his wife so much and he was getting tired with all of these things then he told his problems to John and his friends that he would make an easy last fight. But no, that is irrational reason if you read the whole story. You will find that Jack stays until final round. That is not make a sense if he would intentionally to lose the game. And why he put so many punches on Walcott and made him bleeding bad and suffered all the time if Jack wanted to lose the game? The fight itself went very tight. Jack controlled the beginning of the game. Then he became slower since the seventh round. Walcott took over the whole game while Jack tried to block every punch from Walcott. Sounds strange enough to me why did he keep the game on? He could say give up, though. I think Jack pride at stake here. He must decide what is more important, lose his bet or his belt. Maybe that is the reason why he survived so far. Altough we know, in the end Jack made a foul to Walcott and is disqualified. From this quote (which was Jack said): â€Å"I think I can last. I don’t want this bohunk to stop me.† He must be thinking about something just to finish this fight before the game ends. No matter how. I think Jack thought so. And take a look at this quote: â€Å"He (means Jack) certainly did used to make the fellows he fought hate boxing. That was why he hated Richie Lewis so. He never got Richie’s goat. Richie Lewis always had about three new dirty things Jack could not do. Jack was as safe as a church all the time he was in there, as long as he was strong.† I will underlined this statement: â€Å"Richie Lewis always had about three new dirty things Jack could not do. That was why he hated him so much.† And if we go back to the game between Jack and Walcott. I think he had prepared well for this â€Å"dirty thing† before the gong of the last round rang. He had prepared to do something bad to finish this fight because he told Jerry and John that he knew he could not stand any longer in this match. And perhaps he had made a decision or had knew the good answer about what he had to choose between his belt or his bet. So that was why he made a foul to Walcott and is disqualified. That is the only thing I though t why Jack keep fighting instead quit before the fight begins. Perhaps he wanted to show a great last fight to the world before he retired. But if he thought so, the foul that he made to Walcott was made people want to slap on his face and turned him as mediocre boxer because of it. So what was he thought? This is so interesting. This thing will be another problem to solve. If the narrator deliberately omit that part or did not want to tell what makes Jack bet against himself, the most understanding thing is because the narrator wants to show us that this short story that he narrate based on what he saw, heard and has happened is the truth. He did not need to tell us the things that he did not know. He would not tell lies. So at that stage when the narrator left the Jack’s room then tried to find where Hogan was, he really did not what happened in there. And we, as readers, did not for sure what happened in there because he did not tell us. And it makes a lot of interpretation. What did they do? Perhaps John, Jack’s manager, or his friends came to Hogan’s ranch to persuade Jack to lose intentionally and offered him some money then Jack accepted because he knew from the first even if he tries his best he still can not beat Walcott, a younger and strong boxer. If yes, that was why he made a foul to Walcott. The only question why did he keep the game on? Why did he stand until final round? Why he did not he do that dirty thing from the start? What if Steinfelt and Morgan conspire with John bribe to Jack to fix the fight? I think that is the characteristic of Ernest Hemingway’s short stories. That is why he likes  to put I as the first person perspective in some of his stories to engage us as readers to feel what the narrator feels, to see what the narrator sees, makes us like we were there. I think Fifty Grand is narrated by what might be called a highly colloquialized narrator. The use of a highly colloquialized narrator in Fifty Grand has several effects on the story. For one thing, as the reader grows accustomed to Jerry Doyle’s manner of speaking, he became more fully involved than he might be otherwise in the world in which Jerry lives. Jerry Doyle seems knowledgeable about prize fighting not only because he works as a trainer, but because his way of speaking causes him to sound the way a man who knows about boxing ought to sound. The choice of Jerry Doyle as the witness narrator for Fifty Grand is useful in ways unrelated to the trainer’s manner of speaking. For one thing, Jerry’s narrating allows the reader to be a man on the inside. Much of the effect of this story results from the fact that the reader receives a ‘behind-the-scenes view of the stinginess, the domestication, and the overall unferociousness of a man the public believes is a brutal and hardened fighter. The importance of the reader’s proximity to the action of Fifty Grand is particularly evident on the night of the big fight. When Jack Brennan climbs up to get in the ring, Jerry describes how Walcott comes over and pushes the rope down for Jack to go through : â€Å"So you’re going to be one of these popular champions,† Jack says to him. â€Å"Take your goddam hand off my shoulder.† â€Å"Be yourself,† Walcott says. This is all great for the crowd. How gentlemanly the boys are before the fight. How they wish each other luck. The reader’s enjoyment of this scene results in large measure from his knowledge that he has information about what is going on which the rest of the spectators at the fight do not have. The moment of Jack Brennan’s realization that he must lose the fight works much the same way. What appears to the audience a vicious low blow that was a foul is understood by Jerry, and thus by the reader, as the desperate action of a threatened bread-winner. Although Jerry Doyle’s manner of speaking and his special  involvement in what is going on cause the reader to be interested in him as a character, Jack Brennan consistently remains the story’s central concern. The way in which Jerry is developed, in fact, helps to maintain the story’s focus on the Irish boxer. For one thing, Jerry Doyle, as the narrator, did not tell the reader much about his own thoughts and emotions. Generally, his reactions to the things that he sees are simple and obvious and in no way attract the reader’s attention. Jerry’s personal comments nearly always support rather than modify the picture of events which his narration sets up. For example, when Jerry says that Jack is sore, he does so just after the reader has seen Jack’s anger for himself. The reader’s primary focus on Jack Brennan is also maintained by the story’s creation of a special kind of presentness, a presentness which results from what can be thought of as a double disappearance of the story’s narrator. In the first place, Jerry Doyle is invisible as a narrator in the act of telling a story. Nothing in the story suggests that Jerry is reminiscing about events from a point in time after Jack’s fight with Walcott. On the contrary, the events of the story seem to be related without the intervention of a narrating present. A second kind of disappearance results from the fact that during the acting present when Jerry is in conversation with other characters, he frequently ceases to be distinguishable even as the overall observer of events. In the following conversation, for example, it is impossible for the reader to tell that one of the speakers is narrating the story: â€Å"You know,† he (refered to Jack) says, â€Å"you ain’t got any idea how I miss the wife.† â€Å"Sure.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"You ain’t got any idea. You can’t have an idea what it’s like† â€Å"It ought to be better out in the country than in the town.† â€Å"With me now,† Jack said, â€Å"it don’t make any difference where I am. You can’t have any idea what it’s like.† â€Å"Have another drink.† â€Å"Am I getting soused? Do I talk funny?† â€Å"You’re coming on all right.† â€Å"You can’t have any idea what it’s like. They ain’t anybody can have an idea what it’s like.† The use of the present tense at the beginning of the exchange does suggest that an involved narrator is telling the story, but the present tense is used so frequently during conversations in Fifty Grand that it ceases to be particularly noticeable. During longer exchanges the narrator identifies his words with â€Å"I said,† but he rarely elaborates on this identification and as a result, the â€Å"I† fails to actract attention any more than â€Å"he† would. When the narrator â€Å"disappears† from large portions of a story or a novel, as is the case in Fifty Grand, the overall result is the creation of a narrative which is both involved and dramatic. In general, those effects which are achieved by means of narrative perspective result from the types of inter-relationships which are created between narrators and the reader and between narrators and the events he narrate. The relationship between the narrator of story a story and the situations he presents to us, the readers, can be of a great many kinds. In Fifty Grand, Hemingway renders the narrator, which is Jerry Doyle, almost invisible, enabling us, the reader, to look through the narrating present and focus our attention directly on the events of the narrator’s story. The position of the narrator itself is primarily important as frame for the presentation of character other than himself.

Java impact on business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Java impact on business - Research Paper Example When focusing on technology and business there is need for a deeper understanding of one’s business in order to establish how technology can be applied to transform the particular business an individual runs. In this case the telecommunication equipments need to be ones best allies in business. This paper therefore seeks to explain Twitter as social network and communication App in communication technology through highlighting how the technology is a â€Å"game-changer† in business; and for which particular organization or industry it has lead to transformation; What the organizational benefits from using this particular technology; the downside/cost (monetary and non-monetary) of using this particular technology; and the potential application of using this particular technology in the future Twitter is a social networking free site with micro blogging services where registered members have a platform to share or broadcast their short posts therein referred to as tweets. It also allows the registered members to follow fellow registered members using their technology devices or other multiple platforms. Through posting on Twitter.com which is their domain, one can be able to broadcast their tweets, which may include information about events, their situation, or just personal opinions. Their followers can then reply t such tweets via text messages or through the site via the domain above. Therefore, twitter can become a viral conduit of information sharing where an individual can retweet other tweets making information go viral (Entrrepreneur, 2015). Twitter can be accessed through browsers on PCs or cellular phones. Similarly the communication tool is available as an APP installable on tablets or on cellular phones to enable an individual use it on the go. But how has twitter, a social networking site become a game changer in business? Communication is very important especially external communication that links the customers to the

CIS212 U1 Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS212 U1 Review - Essay Example This is an example of (Select all that apply.) 3) Katie’s handprint is against a record in the system that indicates that she has been assigned clearance to view the contents of secret documents. Later, at her desk, she tries to connect her folder that is Top Secret, and access is denied. This an example of 4) At the end of the day, the security personnel can view electronic log files that record the identities of everyone who entered and exited the building along with the time of day. This is an example of: 5) An administrator of a large multinational company can assign access rights and track user’s resource access from a central administrative console. Users throughout the organization can gain access to any system after providing a single username and password. This is an example of: The distinction is that the encryption algorithm is the general instruction that is applicable to data when changing it to ciphertext. On the other hand, the key refers to the real value that the algorithm uses. Whereas different ciphertext can result from the use of a different key the process of encryption is always similar. Because hashing is applicable in verification of data in a number of circumstances that involve authentication using the password. The situation involves the exchange of hashes instead of the real passwords. Both parties can then verify the file or information after the transfer is complete. According to this policy, there is a minimum character length of eight alphanumeric characters for a password. The policy states what makes up a strong password. First it incorporates both small and capital letters. Further, it is made of symbols, characters, marks for punctuation and digits 0-9 (Farrell, 2008). They should not be words in other languages, dialect, slang or jargon. Caution should be taken not to include names relating to family members or personal information. The person creating it should be in a position of

Harvard Referencing quiz , Table of academic References 1&2, Academic Assignment - 1

Harvard Referencing quiz , Table of academic References 1, Academic Journal entries AJ1 and AJ2 - Assignment Example r market statistics for September 2013 identify that the employment rate from May to July for 16 to 64 year olds was 71.6%; up 0.2 percentage points on the previous quarter to April. This represents 29.84 million people in employment aged 16 and over, up 80,000 from February to April 2013. Management and coaching practices in the UK tend to revolve around dictatorship versus listening, or otherwise control versus consensus. According to Dave Brailsford of Team Sky, it is important to allow individuals within a team to have their own opinion (Neville, 2014). However, he quickly points out that individualized opinions may fail to provide a solution but a collective opinion is best in dealing with most situations. In the case where there is no collective opinion, Brailsford suggests that the leader has to make a call (Neville, 2014). It is important to involve members of the team in order to have an understanding of their opinions and to encourage them to exploit their potential. According to Riches (2013), one way to improve team performance is to establish agreed norms or rules for how the team is to operate and rigorously stick to them (Mullins, 2013). Norms could address the obligations of individual members to the team, how it will assess its performance, and how it will work together. In addition, the motivation systems to be used could also be addressed, with a clear picture of its relation to the customers drawn. Lastly, these norms would be important in determining the mechanisms required to facilitate an honest exchange about the team norms and behavior (Mullins,

Building Effective Networks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 24

Building Effective Networks - Assignment Example The success stories of networks by the Japanese Keiretsus and Korean Chaebols, international cooperative agreements, regional and economic integration, new organizational forms and structures, international collaboration and uncommon associations. Findings: The findings of the study reveal that the various â€Å"forms and patterns of networks and their impact on societal and organizational functioning† have enhanced the role played by various networks in today’s world (Tung, 2002, p. 99). Practical Implications: The practical implications of the study point out that no world nations can escape itself from the spread and influence of global networks. Similarly, nations that fail to implement or be part of effective organizational and social networks are most likely to lag behind in terms of economic and organizational growth and development. Value to the Reader: The paper offers a number of useful insights to the reader. The reader gets a thorough understanding as to how organizational functioning and behavior are being influenced by global or international networks. Networks also act as effective means in determining organizational change. Globalization has facilitated collaboration between various networks and multinational organizations can benefit the most out of global patterns of networks. However, one should also be aware of the dark sides of networks as they have the potential cause destruction and disruptions. Similarly, the success of effective networks calls for the need to have effective global strategies and trans-national collaborations. Design/Methodology/Approach: The methodology for the study has consisted of interviews and surveys. The researchers â€Å"interviewed HR executives from over 30 companies and collected surveys from executives attending several sessions at the University of Michigan Senior Human Resource Executive Program† (Mendenhall, Black, Jensen, & Gregerson, 2003, p. 20).

Sociology american family life now vs family life in 1950s Essay

Sociology american family life now vs family life in 1950s - Essay Example In the process of going through the comparison analysis, an overview with regards to the prevailing social norms on family and family roles, gender roles, and family function will be provided. Based on the gathered information with regards to the factors that contributes to the breakdown of the American family structure, some of the highly recommended solutions will be provided to address the sociological problem in the United States. Family is one of the three major institutions of the society aside from work and welfare. (Hughes and Fergusson, 2004: 2) In line with this, a family is considered as the basic unit of a society. For this reason, it is important for each individual to fully understand how the modern family structure is functioning. Since a family is composed of a group of people with a common intimate and complex connection with one another, family members are normally involved in activities and social practices like socializing the young, regulating procreation and sexual activity, and the provision of physical, psychological and emotional support to family members. However, there are quite a lot of factors that triggered the significant changes in the function of a modern family particularly in terms of gender and family roles. Over the years, the strong family ties of the modern American family are slowly being broken down. Changes in the social norms on family structure and family roles, gender roles, and family function are being affected by the challenges most Americans are facing with regards to political and socio-economic changes. In line with this, the weakening of the family structure most Americans are experiencing right now is causing serious sociological problem. Influenced by several sociologists including Talcott Parsons, Wilbert Moore, Kingsley Davis, and Emile Burkheim among others (Farley, 2000: 72), the functionalist theory of sociology consider the norm of a family as one that is composed

Mistake On Contract Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mistake On Contract Law - Case Study Example As a landmark decision, Great Peace has been observed by various other sources as the final arbiter of the confusion that arose out of the Solle case. The essay will cite various sources that share a common observation of the impact that Great Peace has on contractual law, particularly on the disposition of issues relating to mutual mistake. Before proceeding to establish a position relative to the statement under scrutiny, it is essential to first understand, in the proper context, the "mistake" being alluded to as the core of the case in point. When parties enter into a contract, it is with the understanding that both sides understood what they were contracting about. However, there are instances when an incorrect belief as to a matter relevant to that contract gives rise to a situation wherein one party was mistaken but the other was not. This is referred to as unilateral mistakes and generally will not void a contract in the absence of vitiation of consent through fraud or delibe rate misrepresentation. Nevertheless, there are situations where the mistake is suffered by both contracting parties. In this situation, there are 2 types of mistakes recognized, common mistake and mutual mistake, although the two can sometimes be used interchangeably. Strictly speaking, there is the common mistake when both parties essentially make the same false and fundamental assumption of a fact. It is the opinion of some commentators that this does not necessarily render the contract void. However, if the common mistake relates to the existence of the subject matter of the contract such that it either does not exist or has ceased to exist without the knowledge of the parties, then the contract is void. Even under these circumstances, the contract will not be automatically voided if a) there was a warranty by one party, b) misrepresentation of the existence of the subject matter by one party, c) if one party assumed the risk of the existence of the subject matter and d) when th ere exists an overlap between the doctrine of mistake and the doctrine of implied terms.1 The mutual mistake happens when both parties misunderstand each other's intentions and are at cross-purposes. Compared to common mistake, here the parties do not actually make the same mistake but are proceeding on different assumptions. Ordinarily, this mistake will void a contract because it negatives consent. However, it has been argued that if by the behaviour or conduct of one party the other party is led to believe that the former was agreeing to the terms proposed by the latter, then the mistake will not necessarily be a ground to void the contract despite their obvious disagreement as to the purposes for such contract. Applying the above considerations to the Great Peace case, there was a common mistake which related to the misapprehension by both parties of the close proximity of their respective ships to one another on the basis of the information that was relayed to them by a third p arty. Consequential to this erroneous information, both parties proceeded to perfect the contract to avail of the service of Great Peace for a minimum of 5 days to stand-post for assistance in case of any untoward incident that was then most likely to occur to the casualty ship Cape Providence.

Reflective Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Reflective Paper - Essay Example For example, some sniff. Sniffing can cause injury to their nose and increase their chances of getting nose and airway infections. Other drug addicts use injections to administer drugs in their systems. Injections cause infections because they are shared and reused by different people. An example of an infection that spreads by using injections includes HIV/AIDS. This practice has a negative impact on the society because most of the youths end up being infected with AIDS leading to an increase in the mortality rate. This in turn decreases the total population of the youths and the workforce of the country. In my opinion, drug addiction is an evil culture that must be eliminated from our society. According to my Muslim religion, anyone who indulges in an act that impairs their mental alertness and judgment should be excluded from the rest of the Muslim worshipers. The reason is to prevent peer pressure and bad influence to others. According to my religion, culture, and environment, Muslims do not allow children to mingle with drug addicts because they fear that their children might start using drugs. I have encountered several experiences of drug related problems, but the one of them really caught my eye. I remember a well-known businessperson in my region that was famous, not only for his success in business, but also for his over indulgence in alcohol consumption. Over indulgence in alcohol consumption eventually caused him his job and social life as he ended up breaking his marriage and being fired from his job. As a health care personnel under constant exposure to drug addicts there is a higher risk of developing some degree of biasness, because of the first impression I get when encounter them as patients. I feel like they are joking and have wasted part of their lives abusing drugs rather than doing something constructive. This can interfere with my decisions to offer support and health care. Another form of biases that may arise

Policy brief on New York State Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Policy brief on New York State - Research Paper Example Comparing the sin tax levy imposed on our state is significantly similar as the one levied on other states. 2. A sales tax is a tax levied on the sale or lease of goods and services and it is imposed at retail level only. Food tax on the other hand can be defined as the tax imposed on the use of food and its ingredients which are meant for human consumption. Similarly soda tax is a tax levied on soft drinks. There is a significant relationship between these taxes as all of them are aimed at reducing obesity which is in the rise in the state and also the medical cost that come with obesity. Therefore, as a way of curbing obesity and other health related problems these taxes are imposed. 3. Considering the adverse effects of alcohol and cigarette smoking in my New York over a period of time, the number of people who are indulging in these risky activities, which affects their health, have been increasing day by day. Comparing it to other states and also the nation it is posing to be a challenge because the number of people engaging in such activities is increasing among the youths. 4. There is a weak negative correlation of -0.061 between the overall tax and the outcomes at the state level implying that as the tax levied is increased the response towards the use of those products reduces. Similarly the correlation of taxes at different regions indicate a positive correlation implying that both the taxes imposed and the outcomes move in the same direction 5. The demand for tobacco, soda and beer are not affected by either an increase or decrease in the price and therefore this implies that people will continue to indulge in consuming these products even after imposing a ‘sin’ tax. This will affect my recommendation since we need to find a way of curbing their use as they are a health threat. My recommendation is mainly based on the budgetary and public health impact

Local Lit Foreign Lit Essay Example for Free

Local Lit Foreign Lit Essay In this chapter one of the most important early steps in a research project is the conducting of the literature review. This chapter will explain how review of related literature is very important in conducting a study. This is also one of the most humbling experiences youre likely to have. Because youre likely to find out that just about any worthwhile idea you will have has been thought of before, at least to some degree. A literature review is designed to identify related research, to set the current research project within a conceptual and theoretical context. The greatest emphasis on research journals that use a blind or juried review system. The literature review will help to find and select appropriate measurement instruments. It will readily see what measurement instruments researchers used themselves in contexts similar to the study. Finally, the literature review will help to anticipate common problems in the research context. It can use the prior experiences of others to avoid common traps and pitfalls. 2.1 Related Literature Local Literature The Department of Education said Monday â€Å"it’s all systems go† for the National Career Assessment Examination (NCAE), adding that it expects some 1.5 million fourth year high school students from both public and private schools to participate. â€Å"The annual conduct of the NCAE gives the students and the parents an idea on the field of endeavor most suited to the graduating students thus, allowing for better decision on their choice of career,† Education Secretary Jesli Lapus said. A major part of the exam consists of the general scholastic aptitude test. It also measures a graduating student’s potentials or inclination in such areas as technical-vocational aptitude, entrepreneurial skills, nonverbal ability and occupational interest. The test components are: scientific ability, mathematical ability, reading comprehension, verbal ability, manipulative skills, clerical ability, non-verbal ability and entrepreneurial skills. The exam results are at best recommendatory and are not a requisite for admission to college. There were 717,232 students or 58.62 percent who obtained high aptitude in entrepreneurship. Some 20,307 students with high general scholastic aptitude scores and 22,879 students with high results in technical-vocational aptitude became eligible. (James Konstantin Galvez, n.d.) It says in the article that the assessment exam will determine which career path is best after graduation from high school based on the individual test results. The examination will also minimize the mismatch in career choices and skills that has affected many college graduates who were not well advised about what career path they should take. *PMA exam passers eye academy’s 300 slots.The 942 passers of the recent Philippine Military Academy (PMA) entrance exams will still have to battle it out to make it to the 300-strong cast of final cut and fulfill their dreams of being a member of the PMA Class 2013. The PMA entrance examination is the just first step of a highly competitive process for cadet aspirants in the PMA. To secure a slot in the academy, examination passers will then have to overcome the rigid and complete physical fitness test and medical examination set in early October. But the good news is PMA’s officials are reportedly planning to talk with the Armed Forces of the Philippines general headquarters to extend the final cut qualifiers by 30 to 50. Those who will qualify the second stage will be notified by the PMA thru mail, while the complete list of passers will be published in some major national broadsheets and at the PMA website at www.pma.ph. And although the exam is just the beginning, PMA Supt. M/Gen. Leopoldo Maligalig appreciated the 18-percent passing rate this year, only a whisker ahead of last year’s 16 percent. Records show that applicants from Baguio registered the highest passing percentage in the entrance exam at 27 percent with 133 passers. There were 8, 449 regulars and 1,834 walk-in applicants nationwide but only 5, 777 have qualified to take the entrance examinations. 5, 652 completed the battery test in mathematics, English and special PMA aptitude test. PMA, considered the country’s top military institution, has been accepting more than 10,000 to 12, 000 applicants in the past years. Academy’s information officer Lady Capt. Agnes Lynnette Flores, however, noted that there has been a decrease in the number of aspiring cadets as a result of PMA’s more rigid training intended to maintain its reputation of producing high-quality cadets and future true leaders.â€Å"The program is also geared to insulate PMA cadets from politics and to mold them into constitutional soldiers who must defend the fundamental law of the land at all costs,† she said. *MMDA chief: Address job mismatch. Saying the education system is failing to produce the skills needed by the private industry, Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Chairman Bayani Fernando yesterday called for joint public-private collaboration to address the problem of job mismatch. â€Å"The government, schools and private business should get together for an exchange of views on dominant and emerging jobs and the skills needed to fill the jobs,† Fernando said. He suggested human-resource planning to forecast the demand for and supply of critical skills. The planning could be done on an industry basis. Fernando proposed that companies provide the necessary training and retraining, while colleges and universities review their curricula to offer business-friendly courses. The government should also enhance its free training program through the Technical and Skills Development Authority (Tesda) by opening more training centers in rural areas and strengthening its vocational training program. Current opportunities, Fernando noted, are in the fields of information technology, retail, manufacturing, tourism, hospitality and accounting, adding that the call center industry has an opening for at least 60,000 jobs this year. Fernando said the Philippine economy should also continue to grow in order to provide more better-paying jobs that would entice Filipinos to stay in the country. While overseas Filipino workers are providing billions of dollars in remittances for the Philippine economy, their absence in the country also contributes to the brain/skills drain and to dysfunctional families, he observed. Local industries have estimated incurring an additional P1 billion for recruiting and training new workers to replace those who have left to work abroad. Foreign Literature DepEd asked not to rank schools in NAT. The Federation of Association of Private Schools and Administrators (FAPSA) is asking the Department of Education (DepEd) not to rank schools in the National Achievement Test (NAT), saying it is not a healthy competition. â€Å"Our group would not mind the intention of Secretary (Jesli) Lapus provided the outcome would not be published,’’ he added. Kasilag made the appeal after the DepEd administered the NAT to sixth graders and second year high school students last March 5 and 12. â€Å"The conduct of the test had paved the way for ingenious access to leakage. Former DepEd secretary Raul Roco had admitted that questions and answers could bought in the provinces,’’ he said. Kasilag said the NAT, being the precursor of NCEE in the 90’s then NEAT and NSAT in 2000, was the same exam for whose abolition his group lobbied for. Roco abolished the NCEE in a bid to allow more students to enter college. He cited the case of a female student in his school (St. Nicholas school in Marikina) who failed to graduate as valedictorian because she didn’t do well in NEAT exam years back. â€Å"The mother asked why should a days exam matter most over the entire six years of study in elementary? Schools already have 4 periodicals, 10 monthly tests, countless quizzes and daily assignments, are these not enough?’’ he said. (Shianee Mamanglu, March 18, 2009) The ranking of schools in a publication had proved to be divisive and resulted in unhealthy competition among private schools. Schools that lagged behind prepared rigorously to recover at the expense of regular academic curriculum. Ofcourse, if the result is published it will only cause disgrace to the schools. The conduct of the NAT is not reliable enough to assess the total performance of students, since students, particularly those from the provinces, can buy questions, answers and grades. *Mandatory psych test for leaving OFWs opposed. We will also stage various mass actions in national level in the coming weeks to show Malacanang and the House members that there is indeed clamor for this, he added. Basas, however, expressed appreciation to Secretary Lapus and the entire DepEd in lobbying for the immediate approval of the proposed bill. He also lauded the Senate for the immediate approval of its counterpart proposed law in the Upper Chamber. TDC claimed that since 2001 public school teachers had only two salary increases amounting to P2, 000 combined. Mandatory psych test for leaving OFWs opposed. Manila, Philippines A coalition of migrants’ rights organizations has opposed the proposal to make psychiatric examination mandatory for leaving overseas Filipino household service workers. Ellene Sana, executive director of the Center for Migrants Advocacy (CMA), said the proposal was made by the Department of Foreign Affairs, citing a study by the Department of Health of mental cases among overseas Filipino workers. She said they got the information from Poe Gratela, private sector representative to the governing body of the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), during a consultation meeting on August 6. In Resolution No. 05, Series 2008, the Consultative Council on OFWs (CCOFW), of which CMA is a member, argued that this mandatory psychiatric exam only for household service workers is discriminatory, will be an additional cost to OFWs, and does not guarantee objectivity. *The council also said the test presupposes that the root problem is the workers’ psychiatric disposition. It said this presumption is â€Å"unfounded and illogical.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sound psychiatric test results of a worker cannot guarantee one’s sanity because there are simply too many aggravating factors such as work environment, cultural differences, language barriers, and emotional stress that affect OFWs’ physical and mental conditions,† it said. The council pointed out data which shows that 78 percent of the household service workers deemed mentally unfit were deployed in the Middle East. This indicates that â€Å"what is needed is for the government to look at the working conditions in the Middle East of the household service workers, and not these workers’ mental states,† it said. Instead, the council proposed that the government administer mandatory psychiatric examinations to all government personnel deployed overseas â€Å"to determine their psychological and emotional preparation for overseas assignments, particularly, in handling cases of workers in distress.† *Aside from CMA’s Sana, the other signatories to the resolution are: Fr. Savino Bernardi of the Apostleship of the Sea, Fr. Edwin Corros of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines’ Ecumenical Commission on Migrants and Itinerants, Luis Andres Maya of the Scalarini Center for People on the Move, Fr. Fabio Baggio of the Scalabrini Migration Center,Gwendolyn Valencia of the Philippine Migrants Rights Watch, Carmelita Nuqui of the Development Action for Women Network, Gina Espinosa of Kaibigan Inc., Francisco Aguilar Jr. of the Fil Migrant Workers Group, Mildred Yamzon and Dr. Gloria Itchon of the Women in Development Foundation, and Luther Calderon of Kampi. *Naveed Azim and Imran Naqvi and Kashif ur Rehman. Learning of student can be assessed by objective type and subjective type questions. Educationists and behavioral scientists declare subjective writing skills essential for senior management positions. Investigation revealed that IT professionals who qualified through objective type online examination and lack subjective writing skills could not earn rise in career to top management positions easily. The study considered ability of a student to express knowledge subjectively as the independent variable and higher management position requirements as the dependent variable. It hypothesized better the student of higher level education in his/her subjective expression, more considerable s/he will be for positions at senior management in business organizations. The study selected 100 private companies engaged in the field of Information Technology (IT) in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan who seek OCP or MCSD or MCSE certified professionals. SalonBooker is the leading online scheduling, point-of-sale and business management software for the beauty industry. Thousands of businesses have joined the GramercyOne family to provide online booking to their customers, manage day-to-day operations and drive new business. SalonBooker is completely web-based, which makes it available from any computer with a browser and internet connection, anywhere at any time, even via an smart phone or iPad. With SalonBooker you will be able to manage your business efficiently by integrating multiple systems in to one, save time through intelligent inventory and commission management and track and report across all activities within your business. (http://www.salonbooker.com/) 2.2 Related Studies Local Studies *According to Wikipedia, â€Å"A test or an examination (or exam) is an assessment, often administered on paper or on the computer, intended to measure the test-takers or respondents (often a student) knowledge, skills, aptitudes, or classification in many other topics (e.g., beliefs). Tests are often used in education, professional certification, counseling, psychology (e.g., MMPI), the military, and many other fields. The measurement that is the goal of testing is called a test score, and is a summary of the evidence contained in an examinees responses to the items of a test that are related to the construct or constructs being measured. Test scores are interpreted with regards to a norm or criterion, or occasionally both. The norm may be established independently, or by statistical analysis of a large number of subjects.† (www.wikipedia.com) According to Lee J. Cronbach, â€Å"Test aid in making many sorts of decisions, including selection and classification of individuals, evaluation of educational or treatment procedures, and acceptance or rejection of scientific hypothesis.† (Essentials of Psychological Testing, Cronbach, p.18) According to Wikipedia, â€Å"An Internet forum, or message board, is an online discussion site. It originated as the modern equivalent of a traditional bulletin board, and a technological evolution of the dialup bulletin board system. From a technological standpoint, forums or boards are web applications managing user-generated content. People participating in an Internet forum may cultivate social bonds and interest groups for a topic may form from the discussions. (www.wikipedia.com) According to WORDIQ, †An Internet forum, also known as a message board or discussion board, is a web application that provides for online discussions, and is the modern descendant of the bulletin board systems and existing Usenet news systems that were widespread in the 1980s and 1990s. An Internet forum typically exists as part of a website and invites users to start topics and discuss issues with one another. Sometimes, a forum even comprises most, if not all, of the content of a site. Compared to wikis, Internet forums dont allow users to edit the forum posts of other users; however, administrators and moderators generally have the capability of doing thisâ€Å". (www.wordiq.com) Foreign Studies College student retention programs tend to focus primarily on students in their first and second year of college as this is the time when the greatest number of students withdraws from postsecondary education (ACT 2004). Such programs vary substantially in design and execution. Examples include: Early alert, assessment, and monitoring systems to identify students at risk of dropping out for early intervention; Freshman Seminar; and HORIZONS. Organizational Theory practices, designed to create an institutional culture conducive to student retention, are another means of encouraging college student retention. Improving college retention rates may have broad impacts: students who complete college degrees have been found to be less likely to need the support of social services, generate higher tax returns, put less stress on the criminal justice system, and have better health status and improved parenting skills. Expected Beneficial Outcomes, Increased college retention rates, increased graduation rates, Evidence of Effectiveness ACT-Student Retention 2004 indicates that emphasis on retention strategies over the past several decades has not had a substantial impact on college retention overall. However, such programs have been effective in some venues and for some students: Dale 1995 reports that 85% of students participating in HORIZON, a Purdue University based student retention program, were retained compared to only 47% of non-enrollee peers. Participants indicated that belonging to a support network, having assistance with effective study methods, and tutoring were most important to their decision not to leave school. According to Wikipedia, â€Å"Career assessments are tests that are designed to help individuals understand how a variety of personal attributes (i.e., interests, values, preferences, motivations, aptitudes and skills), impacts their potential success and satisfaction with different career options and work environments. Assessments of some or all of these attributes are often used by individuals or organizations, such as university career service centers, career counselors, outplacement companies, corporate human resources staff, executive coaches, vocational rehabilitation counselors, and guidance counselors to help individuals make more informed career decisions.†

Advantages Of Diversity In The Workplace

Advantages Of Diversity In The Workplace Diversity comes form the word diverse. Diverse means made up of different or distinct characteristics, qualities or elements. Diversity means having a distinct quality or characteristic. Diversity in the workplace refers to qualities that are different from our own. It can mean that differences that people of different races, religion, and gender, age, physical ability or culture. Why value diversity? In the time we live in there are large demographics of people from all over the world they all need jobs so any way you look at it you will still need to hire people of a different race/culture then yourself. This means that diversity in the workplace will still occur naturally as the world is now a global village. Most multinational corporations have projects or subsidiaries in different countries and they hire the locals of that countries to work with there own people. Having a diverse workplace also is a good competitive advantage. These new cultures and races will help a company when new innovations and ideas are needed. If everyone in a company is of the same race/culture/background nothing will be different nor will ideas be new as everyone will have similar thoughts/ideas but if you put a person of a different minority in the mix it is guaranteed that something innovative will happen. Another advantage is that when marketing to a new people it is advised to select a person form that minority to help you as they know what works and what doesnt. A study in 1992 showed that diverse ethnic groups produced more effective solutions than groups with a single ethnicity. Innovation provides the seeds for economic growth, and for that innovation to happen depends as much on collective difference as on aggregate ability. If people think alike then no matter how smart they are, they are most likely will get stuck at the same locally optimal solutions. Finding new and better solutions, innovating, requires thinking differently. Thats why diversity powers innovation. -Scott E. Page, Professor, University of Michigan There is no better fertile ground for innovation than a diversity of experience. And that diversity of experience arises from a difference of cultures, ethnicities, and life backgrounds. A successful scientific endeavor is one that attracts a diversity of experience, draws upon the breadth and depth of that experience, and cultivates those differences, acknowledging the creativity they spark. Dr. Joseph M. DeSimone The importance of diversity in the workplace/Advantages In the workplace, valuing diversity means creating a workplace that respects and includes differences, recognizing the unique contributions that individuals with many types of differences can make, and creating a work environment that maximizes the potential of all employees. Christy Rakoczy, Why is diversity important in the workplace. Diversity in the work place is very important as it brings people of different races, religion, and culture together in an environment in which they are all trying to gain an objective. Much like in regular society, diversity in the work place has many benefits and gain toward the greater good. In a diverse work place there are many nationalities and races which when put together can bring about many new ideas and innovations in to the market and the global economy. Diversity helps in making a certain product better as more diverse people work together in order for the product to succeed. (For a product to be a real success there must be diversity, not only in the product itself, but also in the workforce and marketing of it.) This therefore tells us that even the workforce and marketing of a product needs to be diverse in order for it to be affective in gaining worldwide sale and growth. The way that the workforce being diverse directly helps in making a product successful is that diverse people who helped in the manufacturing or marketing of the product are people from other cultures, races or gender. They see things differently if a company hires the same type of people who have the same type of experience and education and dont know much about diversity will all be most likely similar. If u put in a diverse workforce you are more likely see differences which are good and each individual has his or her own way of seeing something. This is better that having a group of individuals with the same ideas or taste. Most companies nowadays hire a diverse workforce for this reason. They want to see a change in products, and ideas. This is why diverse companies that hire from around the world regardless of anything have better ideas and innovations as there is a group of people who are very different form one another working together. Young people nowadays are given jobs in higher parts of organizations because their contributions to companies are invaluable. Diversity benefits everyone in all aspects of the job the employee, company, colleagues, society in general. There is no reason why any business shouldnt have a diverse workforce. Now in the 21st century everything is going to be diverse countries in general have big populations of other races and it brings about change and social acceptance. Businesses will have to be diverse in order to survive this time that we live in. Drawbacks to diversity There a few drawbacks to having a diverse workplace such as reversed discrimination which means that professional workers are discriminated against because the employer wants to have minorities in the company so more professional workers are not hired as much. People with significantly different backgrounds might have cultural or other barriers to co-work efficiently such as having trouble communicating. Some people argue that diversity management programs nowadays are run in order to achieve a better reputation or financial goals, forsaking the basic aim of social fairness in all aspects of life. These companies are just incorporating diversity for their benefit without the mind set of hiring people of all differences for equality. Another challenge is miscommunication as two different individuals have different ways to perceive a message. Just because two people work together doesnt mean that they will both understand the same things. It is the responsibility of the employer to makes sure everything said is understood and is clear. Having a diverse workplace means people form all walks of life are working so everyone has his/her way of dealing or perceiving ideas and interpreting them. Another major challenge is cultural bias. Just because a company is working with a diverse workplace doesnt mean that there isnt any bias. Employers can and might see an ethnicity as being better then another. A company might hire diverse workers but still prefer to work with their own kind. This is a major problem as people are all different and looking at one kind of person and discriminating against them is unprofessional and unethical as everyone has the right to be treated equal. Having negative thoughts of individuals is an obstacle towards anything how can a company be productive is each employee thinks negative of one another. A company is only as good as how well their employees work together to achieve a specific goal that benefits all of them. What is the Glass Ceiling? It is a term used to describe the limitations for a gender/minority in reaching great heights while working for a company. This is due to discrimination, sexism, and racism towards females or minorities in the workplace. Why is there a Glass Ceiling? There is a glass ceiling because it is what the public as a whole think. Most people think that in a business the white male is the better option to hire and trust people then look down upon other minorities thinking they are all faulty when it comes to work. This also goes for women as people think that women should stay at home and look after the children. David R. Hekman and his colleagues found that customers prefer white male employees, which is why such workers may continue to earn 25 percent more than equally-well performing women and minorities. Hekman et al. (2009) this shows us that even customers have a preference to white males even though the women and minorities perform similarly in terms of skills/manners. It is also why most high ranking jobs in companies are taken up by white males History of diversity The first early signs of diversity in the workplace began in the 1960s-1970. The United States started to incorporate diversity. In 1961 President John F. Kennedy established the Presidents Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity which had the vision of ending racial discrimination by the government. The next year President Johnson signed an executive order to promote equal employment opportunity. This was an important turning point, because it prohibited the consideration of race, creed, color or national origin to acting on the principle of fairness. Legal laws on diversity did not help as people just continued with discriminating the diverse. Even though human resources were successful in hiring and managing diversity it wasnt the case as other employees in the work place didnt quite get on with the new more diverse workplace. Moreover, employers found that simply hiring a more diverse workforce did not bring some of the expected benefits. The management had to be committed to the new ideas if they ever wanted to see the benefits of diversity. During the 1980s, it was recognised that not only did the new laws and new regulation but diversity had to be taken seriously as a new type of business attribute. Training at the time focused on employee attitudes, as businesses and government agencies tried to raise awareness of and increase employee sensitivity to diversity issues. (Mauricio Velasquez). Case Studies Managing Diversity at IBM Nederland (The Netherlands) 05-02-2005 A Vision on Managing Diversity IBM the multinational IT-company thinks that the only way that they can maintain their advantage over other companies is through their diverse workplace by having their employees innovations and differences help in their work. The company considers workforce diversity as the bridge between the workplace and the marketplace. In 1953, the CEO at that time published IBMs first equal opportunity policy letter. This letter stated simply that IBM will hire people based on their ability, regardless of race, color or creed. IBMs CEOs all defended this idea and reinforced that policy throughout the years. Since then, equal opportunity at IBM has been an evolutionary journey that underscores the companys commitment to an inclusive work environment where peoples ideas and contributions are welcome regardless of where they come from, what they look like or what personal beliefs they hold. To show the importance of workforce diversity in IBMs corporation, their worldwide headquarters employs a Vice President of Global Workforce Diversity. This official generates the policies on managing diversity. Their regional headquarters employ diversity managers to help in the managing and hiring of a diverse workplace they also translate the global policies on managing diversity into regional spearheads. Next, the executive management teams of every subsidiary formulate local actions in order to increase and to make full use of workforce diversity in that specific IBM establishment. IBM 05-02-2005. Louise OGrady, Accommodating an Employee with a Disability 29-06-2004 28 year old Louise OGrady is an administrative assistant with Access Ability. She was born with cerebral palsy which constrains her in her mobility. Before starting her job with the company she had an environmental audit carried out. The person with the disability is an expert on their own needs and that is why their input is crucial. Every disability is different everyone has different needs and requirements must be tailor-made to meet specific needs. She explains. Many employers fail to understand that when dealing with a person with a disability for the first time, is that it is not the disability that is the problem, it is the environment. According to Louise, sometimes all it takes is a software package like a voice recognition system to overcome the constraints faced by a person with a disability in the workplace. She said. In the case of Louise OGrady, She has a disability therefore if she is hired the company she will be working for has tried to incorporate a diverse workplace. Companies that hire people with a disability have to take the initiative to help them out. For Louise she needed special help like making the workplace more accessible to her disability. This is a good example of a company that is trying to add diversity to their workforce. People with a disability can work just as well as people with out a disability and are equally capable of becoming successful. They should be given an equal chance to be hired and all employers must be able to help them in terms of making facilities accessible and giving them a chance to prove them selves. Managing a diverse workplace The key to successfully manage a diverse workplace is to increase ones awareness for differences in people of all walks of life such as gender, age, race, religion, physical ability or culture. One good way to manage anyone is to have empathy. You have to work together you have to feel what your employee feels in order to be a good manager. Especially with a diverse workplace empathy is very important. Another way is to learn what the employee wants from their job at the company and help them achieve it. Supporting the employee also is a good method it brings the employees closer to their employer. Be lenient as different employees work differently especially if from a diverse background they need their freedom to work the way do need to. Dont force employees to work in the same way as each other as everyone is different. People with a disability need more support and supervision sometimes the company is not disability friendly and may need to incorporate some things to help a disabl ed employee. Strategies Some good strategies that are being used and incorporated in managing a diverse workplace Trying to find out what employees aspirations are and helping by supporting their goals. Giving highly talented employees chances in the company to expose themselves to leaders and successful talents and supporting them. Creating teams of people with different skills and talents and encouraging synergy. Being more tolerant of people from all aspects of life. And trying to deal with them positively. Delegating responsibility fairly to all employees. Communicate and support intolerance of inappropriate and disrespectful behaviour. Evaluating the performance of employees objectively but fairly without any discrimination. Consider each individuals need when enforcing company policies and guidelines and by being tolerant to there opinions and differences. Conclusion In conclusion Diversity is a great thing. Its the variety of people in all aspects racially, mentally, physically and spiritually. Having a diverse workplace is an advantage to any company. It is what makes a company successful. All multinational and successful companies have a diverse workplace. New ideas and innovations are the just some of the things that arrive from having a diverse workplace. Having many different people form all aspects make for a good advancement for any company. Managing a diverse workplace is just as difficult as managing a workplace with the same kind of individuals therefore you can only gain if you practise having a diverse workplace.

Synthesis And Characterization Of Strontium Ferrite Environmental Sciences Essay

Synthesis And Characterization Of Strontium Ferrite Environmental Sciences Essay Strontium ferrite is a ferromagnetic material and reported as having hexagonal magnetoplumbite type (M-type) structure. It is the most widely used permanent magnets throughout the world, which account for about 90wt% of the annual production of permanent magnets. In this study, the strontium ferrite is synthesized using sol-gel methods and the magnetic properties were analyzed. Chapter 1 gave introduction about the structure of M-type hexagonal strontium ferrite. Besides, some general magnetic properties will be discussed. Commercial applications of strontium ferrite would be discussed as well. Chapter 2 is all about the experimental details, including the synthetic techniques used for strontium ferrite, description of instrument used and procedures carried out. Chapter 3 concentrated on the results on magnetic susceptibility of hexagonal strontium ferrite. Comparison between strontium ferrite and cation-substituted strontium ferrite was made. Chapter 4 concluded the whole investigation of this study. Suggestions for future studies were also discussed. Better understanding of the properties and practical applications of strontium ferrite can be achieved through this study. ABSTRACT The properties of magnetoplumbite type (M-type) hexagonal strontium ferrite has been investigated. The attempt of substitution of cobalt(II) oxide and titanium(IV) oxide in order to produce a quaternary system of the type SrO-Fe2O3-XO where X represents the dopant cation was made. The synthesis is based on sol-gel method where ethylene glycol is the gel precursor. This technique was employed because it was found to be able to produce nanoparticles of cation substituted strontium ferrite. Moreover, sol-gel method can produce high yields of strontium ferrite particles. Overall, the magnetic properties were observed to be change after the cation substitution. Co(II)-Ti(IV) substitution in SrFe12O19 with different ratios were made in this study to investigate the effect of cation substitution in magnetic properties of strontium ferrite. Co(II)-Ti(IV) substitution in strontium ferrite with mole ratio of 0.4 showed the best magnetic properties that we desired for. The mass susceptibility where X = 0.4 was found to be increase sharply compared to the unsubstituted one. Except the cobalt titanium substitution with mole ratio of 0.4, other cation substitution ratios showed decrease in mass susceptibility which is not desirable. Therefore the cobalt-titanium substitution for SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 with X = 0.4 is the best to improve magnetic properties of strontium ferrite for various commercial applications. REVIEW Strontium ferrite has been a subject of continuous interest and intensive study for several decades due to the fact that this compound has been the the most widely used permanent magnets, which account for about 90wt% of the annual production of permanent magnets since shortly after its discovery in the 1950s. Strontium hexaferrite, SrFe12O19, is a ferrimagnet and is also known as ceramic permanent magnet. When compared with alnico-magnets, strontium ferrite has high coercivity, moderate remenance, corrosion resistance and excellent chemical stability [5]. Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) is the principal components in SrFe12O19 which gives rise to its magnetic properties. Within the five different crystallographic sites of strontium ferrite, the iron ions are coupled antiferromagnetically. Due to its high magnetocrystalline anisotropy field in its structure, SrFe12O19 exhibits high saturation magnetization and high coercivity [1]. The high magnetic permeability in strontium ferrite enables i t to store strong magnetic fields, which is stronger than iron. Strontium ferrite is often produced as nanoscale size powder, which can be sintered into solid cores. Strontium ferrite has been used for several important industrial applications, such as permanent magnets, microwave devices and high density perpendicular recording media, with proper doping in order to improve properties of strontium ferrite [1]. SrFe12O19 has also been investigated as a medium for magnetic recording and magneto-optical recording and for long (millimetre)-wave devices [2]. Efforts have made to the development of novel synthetic methods which facilitate the production of fine hexagonal ferrite particles and to possible ways of reducing their high intrinsic magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The objective in this study was to attempt the synthesis of cation substituted M-type hexagonal ferrite SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 using the sol-gel method. The sol-gel method has been used widely to produce fine particles of a variety of oxides. The effect of doping strontium ferrite with cobalt (II) and titanium (IV) oxides to produce quaternary systems of SrO-Fe2O3-XO, where X represents the dopant cation would be tested. The fine particles of cation substituted ferrite produced by using sol-gel technique is desirable because the grain size of the materials used in magnetic recording is the main factor determining the level of background noise at low density. Magnetic properties of strontium ferrite would be focus in this study. Magnetic susceptibility balance would be used to determine the mass susceptibility for both strontium ferrite and cation-substituted strontium ferrite produced using the sol-gel method. The mass susceptibilities of the samples were compared to determine the optimum amount of cation needed to dope to ferrite to give the best magnetic behaviour. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF M-TYPE HEXAGONAL SrFe12O19 According to crystalline structure, hexaferrite can be classified into four types, these include M, W, Y and Z types hexaferrites which correspond to (SrO + MeO):Fe2O3 ratios of 1:6, 3:8, 4:6 and 5:12 respectively. SrFe12O19 is classified as M-type hexaferrite. The hexagonal SrFe12O19 was first prepared by Adelsk ¨old in 1938 [2]. He also confirmed that the crystal structure of this compound to be iso-structural with the naturally occurring ferrite mineral magnetoplumbite, and therefore it has the M-type structure. Later structural refinements for strontium hexaferrite have confirmed his determination [2]. Strontium ferrite is classified as hexagonal ferrite. It is denoted as having the space group P63/mmc. According to the research made by Kimura et al, the lattice parameters measured are found to be: a = 0.588 36nm and c = 2.303 76nm at room temperature [2]. As shown for M-type hexaferrite BaFe12O19 in Fig. 1.1, the crystalline structures of different types of hexaferrites are remarkably complex. The unit cell contains ten oxygen layers. A unit cell is sequentially constructed for four blocks, they are S (spinel), R (hexagonal), S* and R*. The S and R blocks have equivalent atomic arrangements and are rotated around the c-axis at 180 ° with respect to S* and R* blocks. R or R* block consists of three O2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  layers while S or S* block contains two O2à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚  layers; with one oxygen site in the middle layer substituted by a Ba2+  ion [16]. The structure of strontium ferrite is similar to that of barium ferrite, by just substituting the barium ion with strontium ion. Fig.  1.1:  Structure of barium hexaferrite Occasionally, a unit cell is comprises of two formula units. The unit cell consists of 64 ions per hexagonal unit cell, which are 2 strontium ions, 38 oxygen ions and 24 ferric ions. The structure of magnetoplumbite are made of a layer of hexagonal close packed arrangement of oxygen and strontium ions, which is sandwiched between two spinal blocks containing a cubic close-packed arrangement of oxygen atoms with iron atoms. The iron atoms are positioned at five interstitial crystallographically different cation sites of the close-packed layers, namely 4f1 (tetrahedral site, A sites), 12k, 4f2, 2a (octahedral sites, B sites) and 2b (trigonal bipyramidal site) [15]. The tetrahedral iron oxide is FeO4, octahedral iron oxide consists of six oxygen ions, which is FeO6, and the formula for trigonal bipyramidal iron oxide is FeO5. A schematic M-type structural representation and the five Fe3+ sites are shown in Fig. 1.2 by Collomb et al. [15]. Figure 1.2: The crystal structure sketch map of the hexagonal M-type phase and the five Fe sites with their surroundings are displayed. The 2b sites only occur in the same layer with strontium ion. 12k site is the octahedral site of S and R blocks. There are two tetrahedral (4f1) sites and one octahedral (2a) site in centre of S block. The two octahedral (4f2) sites are found in the R block, adjacent to the strontium-containing layer. The M-type structure of strontium ferrite gives rise to its magnetic properties. Cation substitution to strontium ferrite may give chances whereby altering the structure and thus influence the magnetic properties. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF M-TYPE HEXAGONAL SrFe12O19 Strontium hexaferrite is a ferrimagnetic material. Since the free electrons in SrFe12O19 are in close proximity and remain aligned even the external magnetic field have been removed, it is able to retain a permanent magnetic field and is recognized as ferrimagnetic material. In 1950s Gorter predicted that the iron ions at the trigonal bipyramidal (2b) and octahedral (2a, 12k) sites have their spin orientation antiparallel to that of the iron ions at the 4f sites [2]. The antiparallel 4f1 and 4f2 and parallel 2a, 12k and 2b sublattices form the ferrimagnetic structure. The magnetic ordering corresponding to the magnetoplumbite structure of hexagonal strontium ferrite is well illustrated in Fig. 1.3. In S block, the majority ÃŽÂ ±-sublattice consists of four octahedral ions and the minority ÃŽÂ ²-sublattice contains two tetrahedral ions whereas R block contributes three octahedral ions and one trigonal ion to the majority sublattice and two octahedral ions to the minority sublattice. Figure 1.3: The schematic structure (left) of the SrFe12O19 with Gorters magnetic ordering (middle) along the c-axis. The large open circles are oxygen ions, the large broken circles are Sr ions; small circles with a cross inside represent Fe ions at 12k, small circles containing a filled circle inside represent Fe ions at 4f2, small unfilled circles represent Fe ions at 4f1, filled small circles represent Fe ions at 2a and small circles with a unfilled circle inside represent Fe ions at 2b. The magnetic structure suggested by Gorter is shown on the right, where the arrows represent the direction of spin polarization. From Fig. 1.3, we can summarizes the sites of Fe(III) ions corresponding to the spin direction, as in Table 1.1. Site Coordination Occupancy Direction of spin polarization 12k Octahedral 12 Up 2a Octahedral 2 Up 2b Trigonal Bypiramidal 2 Up 4f1 Tetrahedral 4 Down 4f2 Octahedral 4 Down Table 1.1: Fe(III) ion sites in M-type hexagonal ferrite Hysteresis Loop The magnetic properties of strontium ferrite can be examined through hysteresis loops. Hysteresis loop can be measured using instruments such as Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and SQUID Magnetometry Measurements. When a magnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, the flux density (B) would lags behind the magnetizing force (H) that causes it, and this form hysteresis loop. From a hysteresis loop, we can identify the magnetic properties of the material, they are saturation magnetization, remanence or also known as remnant magnetization, and coercivity. A typical hysteresis loop is well illustrated in Fig. 1.4. Figure 1.4: Typical hysteresis loop (B-H curve) Initially, there is no applied magnetic field and it is known as unmagnetized state. After magnetic field is applied, it causes alignment. Until maximum magnetizing force applied, maximum flux density achieved at the same time and this phenomenon is known as saturation magnetization. At this point, the maximum number of spin has mobilized. Saturation magnetization is defined as the maximum possible magnetisation of a material. It is also a measure of strongest magnetic field a magnet can produce. The unit of saturation magnetization is in amperes per meter. Strontium ferrite is having high saturation magnetization at which it can store high amount of magnetizing force. As the magnetizing force being slowly removed, the alignment stays at the point where H = 0, this is known as remnant magnetization. Remnant magnetization is the magnetization left in a permanent magnet after an external magnetic field is removed. When a magnet is magnetized, it has remanence. It is usually measured in unit Tesla. Strong permanent magnet such as strontium ferrite has high remnant magnetization which means the high amount of magnetic force remains in it even after the magnetizing force is removed. As form Fig. 1.4, negative magnetic field is applied to demagnetize the permanent magnet. When the flux density (B) = 0, there is no magnetizing force remain in the magnet and the negative H needed to demagnetize the magnet is known as coercivity. Negative H is the magnetic field applied in opposite direction. Coercivity is measured in unit amperes per meter. Due to its high uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy with an easy axis of magnetization along the hexagonal c-axis in the structure, SrFe12O19 has high coercivity. Anisotropy is directional or orientational effects in crystal structure of materials which can provide better magnetic performance along certain preferred axis. Therefore, we need to apply high negative magnetizing force to demagnetize strontium ferrite. Attempts have to be made to lower down the coercivity of strontium ferrite for usage. Units in Magnetism The units used in magnetism can be divided mainly into two categories, SI system and c.g.s system. The conversion table shown in Table 1.2 is to clarify the magnetism formulas in both SI and c.g.s systems and the conversion factors between them. Quantity Symbol SI Unit SI Equation c.g.s Unit c.g.s Equation Conversion Factor Magnetic Induction B tesla (T) B= µo(H+M) gauss (G) B = H+4à Ã¢â€š ¬M 1 T = 104  G Magnetic Field Strength H ampere/meter   (A/m) H = NÃÆ'-I/lc   ( lc magnetic   path, m) oersted (Oe) H = 0.4à Ã¢â€š ¬NÃÆ'-I/lc (lc magnetic   path, cm) 1 A/m =   4 à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÆ'-10-3  Oe Magnetic Flux ÃŽÂ ¦ weber (Wb) ÃŽÂ ¦ = BÃÆ'-Ac (Ac area, m2  ) maxwell (M) ÃŽÂ ¦ = BÃÆ'-Ac (Ac area, cm2  ) 1 Wb = 108  M Magnetization M ampere/meter (A/m) M=m/V (m- total magnetic moment,   V- volume, m3  ) emu/cm3 M=m/V (m- total magnetic moment,   V- volume, cm3  ) 1 A/m = 10-3   emu / cm3 Magnetic Permeability of Vaccum  µo newton/ampere2  µo= 4à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÆ'-10-7 1 4à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÆ'-10-7 Inductance L henry L=ÃŽÂ ¼oÃŽÂ ¼N2Ac/lc (Ac- area, m2,   lc magnetic path, m) henry L=0.4à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼N2Ac/lcÃÆ'-10-8 (Ac-area, cm2,   lc magnetic path, cm) 1 Emf (voltage) V volt V=-NÃÆ'-dÃŽÂ ¦/dt volt V=-10-8NÃÆ'-dÃŽÂ ¦/dt 1 Note: In the above equations, I = current (in amps), N = turns Table 1.2: Magnetism formulas in SI and c.g.s systems and their conversion factors for the magnetic units. 1.4 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF SrFe12O19 According to the study of G. B. Teh et.al [3] on strontium ferrite, strontium ferrite was found to exhibit photoluminescence behavior. When a sample of strontium ferrite is excited at a certain wavelength, highest intensity of photoluminescence emission peaks was obtained. The ability of strontium ferrite to photoluminesce could be due to the oxygen vacancies in their lattice structure. The oxygen vacancies are assumed to cause the particles to exhibit photoluminescence behavior by acting as traps for mobile excitation. The oxygen vacancies have effective +2 charges, making them powerful electron capture centers. Valence electron would gain sufficient energy to jump from the valence band to the conduction band and leaving a gap known as hole during excitation. F-centers, which is the region where contain high amount of electrons would formed when the excited electrons being trapped in oxygen vacancies. These rich electron centers would lead to emission of luminescence when the holes and electrons recombine. 1.5 SYNTHESIS ROUTE OF SrFe12O19 The processing routes used for synthesis of strontium ferrite affect its properties much. Traditionally, this ferrite powder is synthesized by a mixed oxide ceramic method, which involves the solid-state reaction between SrCO3 and Fe2O3 at a high calcination temperature (about 1300 °C). However, uncontrolled particle morphology, larger particle size and agglomerates would be the biggest disadvantages of this technique. Besides, contamination would be introduced to the sample while subsequent milling of the calcined ferrite powder and this would affect the magnetic properties become less desirable. Therefore, the narrowed particle size distribution, refined particle size and minimal particle agglomeration has been the main concern during the synthesis of strontium ferrite. In order to improve the magnetic properties, numerous nonconventional soft synthetic routes have been carried out, including sol-gel synthesis [3], hydrothermal reaction [6], co-precipitation [7], citric acid method [8] and microemulsion processing [10]. In this study, the synthesis of strontium ferrite employed the sol-gel technique. It is a wet chemical route employing ethylene glycol as gel precursor. Sol-gel technique is the technique of using chemical substances which have high solubility in organic solvents to synthesize precursor compounds. The compounds are easily transformed into hydrated oxides on hydrolysis. The metal alkoxides formed can be removed easily using hydrolysis and thermal treatment and therefore results in hydrated oxides which are highly purify. Sol-gel method is used in this study because of its many advantages. Sol-gel technique is able to produce homogeneous nanosized crystallites. This method is tend to give shaped materials directly from a solution without passing through the powder processing and the fact that the annealing temperature is very low compared with other conventional technology. The crystalline size and properties of the ferrite produced are largely affected by calcinations temperature [3]. Sol gel method has the advantage that the crystal growth of particles is easier to control by varying the heat treatment [11]. It was reported that at 500ËÅ ¡C it produced only maghemite, ÃŽÂ ³-Fe2O3. A mixed product of magnetic ÃŽÂ ±-Fe2O3 and M-type SrFe12O19 were obtained at 600ËÅ ¡C. As the calcination temperature increase to 800ËÅ ¡C and above, there are only M-type SrFe12O19 phase was observed. Sol-gel synthesis is able to produce high yields of SrFe12O19 nanoparticles. It is also able to prod uce nanocrystallite of cation substituted SrFe12O19. Nanoparticle size of strontium ferrite is desirable and aimed to synthesize because nanoparticles tend to give better magnetic properties. Nanoparticles give few magnetic domains, probably single domain. Single domain tends to give higher magnetic induction because there are no oppose magnetic domain. Single domain aligns in one direction only. These properties are ideal for the making of permanent magnet. 1.6 CATION SUBSTITUTION IN SrFe12O19 In order to improve the magnetic properties of strontium ferrite, many studies have been carried out. One of them is cation substitution in strontium ferrite. Rare earth and other metal cations are used for substitution for strontium and iron respectively [5]. The pair doping of SrFe12O19 such as a La-Co pair to replace a Sr-Fe pair has been tested [14]. The doping, or known as cation substitution, is aim to improve the magnetic properties of strontium ferrite. Cation substitution results in structural changes in strontium ferrite. As the physical properties of ferrite change, the magnetic properties would be affected due to the fact that magnetic properties are determined by the arrangement of iron ions in crystal structure. In this study, Co-Ti pair will be doped to the strontium ferrite. Cobalt titanium substitution will produce a quaternary system of the type SrO-Fe2O3-AO where A represents the dopant cation.The cobalt titanium substitution gives rise to the new formula, SrCoxTix Fe12-2xO19 where X is the number of mole of cation substituted in. 1.7 Commercial Applications Strontium ferrite is widely used as permanent magnet because it has direction of easy magnetization and the hexagonal c-axis which are perpendicular to the plane of the plate. The properties that are desirable in using as permanent magnet include high saturation magnetization, high remnant magnetization, high coercivity, high Curie temperature and high magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Besides, SrFe12O19 is also commonly used in high-density data storage magnetic recording media. Nanoparticles of SrFe12O19 with single domain and low coercivity are crucial in used for magnetic recording media. M-type strontium ferrite nanoparticles have attracted much attention due to their good frequency characteristic, low noise, high output, in particular, excellent high frequency characteristic and wide dynamic frequency range [4]. There are two types of recording medium, namely particulates and thin films. Tape and floppy is categorized in particulate and hard drive is belongs to thin film. Information is stored by magnetizing material. The recording head can apply magnetic field (H) and align domains to magnetize the medium. It can also detect a change in the magnetization of the medium. Magnetic recording media prefers high saturation magnetization; make it to store as much information. High value of remnant magnetization is required in recording media to make sure that all m aterials stored in the hard disk still remained even the power supply (applied magnetic field) is switched off. Low coercivity is important in magnetic recording media. When the positive magnetic field is applied, this charging manages the medium to store data. On the other hand, negative magnetic field applied to retrieve back the data, this is called discharges. Therefore, less current is needed to retrieve the data in the low coercivity medium. As a result, less heat generated and this saves the electricity. In general, strontium ferrite has high value of uniaxial anisotropy field, high coercive force and high saturation magnetization. The high coercivity of strontium ferrite has to be lowered down and saturation magnetization has to be simultaneously increased if it is to be useful for magnetic recording purposes. It has been reported that the substitution of cations such as Co(II) for the ion Fe(III) in strontium ferrite has lowered the coercive force. Therefore, many studies were carried out to achieve better magnetic properties of strontium ferrite for commercial applications. CHAPTER 2: EXPERIMENTAL Sample Preparation Synthesis of M-type SrFe12O19 Synthesis of Cation Substituted SrFe12O19 Sample Characterization Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 2.1 Sample Preparation 2.1.1 Synthesis of M-type SrFe12O19 The sol-gel technique was used to synthesize M-type SrFe12O19 whereby the ethylene glycol acts as gel precursor. The starting materials, strontium nitrate, Sr(NO3)2 and iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates, Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O were used due to their high solubility in ethylene glycol. Calculation below was made to determine the weight of materials needed to be used. Relative Molecular Mass of materials: Strontium nitrate, Sr(NO3)2 = 211.63 g/mol Iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates, Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O = 404 g/mol (Note: All answers have to be converted into 3 significant figures.) No. of mol of 1 g Sr(NO3)2 = Mass of Sr(NO3)2 RMM of Sr(NO3)2 = 1g 211.63g/mol = 4.725210-3 mol Sr : Fe = 1 : 12 No. of mol of Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O needed = 4.725210-3 mol x 12 = 5.670210-2 mol Mass of Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O needed = No. of mol of Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O needed x RMM of Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O = 5.670210-2 mol x 404g/mol = 22.9 g From the calculation, 1g of strontium nitrate and 22.9g of iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates were needed in the synthesis and were weighted. Strontium nitrate would provided 1 mol of strontium ions and iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates would provided 12 mol of iron ions in the synthesis of strontium ferrite, which matched the molecular formula of SrFe12O19. The strontium nitrate and iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates were readily dissolved in ethylene glycol with slight heat applied due to their high solubility in it. The mixture was heated slightly and stirred with a magnetic bar until the mixture was fully dissolved. The resultant solution is in transparent reddish color. The magnetic stirring bar was removed. The mixture was heated to 100 °C and it would slowly transform into a gel form. The gel was dried with continuous heating at 100 °C for 3 hours. The dried gel was then transferred to a crucible to remove traces of organic precursor. A mixture of metal oxides in dispersed nanoclusters form was obtained. The dried gel was then annealed in a furnace at 800 °C for 3 days with extensive ground with a pestle in a mortar after annealed at interval of each day. 2.1.2 Synthesis of Cation Substituted SrFe12O19 Cation substituted strontium ferrite was synthesized by using cobalt(II) ions and titanium(IV) ions to substitute the iron ions in M-type hexagonal strontium ferrite. The substitution of Co(II) and Ti(IV) gives the compound a new molecular formula, which is SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 where the x denoted different ratios. In the synthesis of cation substituted SrFe12O19, the ratios of cations used, x, is in between 0.2 to 6.0 (0.2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ x à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 6.0), where x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0. The same method described in section 2.1.1 was used for the synthesis, by only adding two new starting materials, which are the cobalt(II) nitrate and titanium(IV) ethoxide to give the Co2+ and Ti4+ cations. Calculation as described below was made to calculate the weight of materials needed respectively. Relative Molecular Mass of materials: Strontium nitrate, Sr(NO3)2 = 211.63 g/mol Iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates, Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O = 404 g/mol Cobalt(II) nitrate, Co(NO3)2.6H2O = 291.04 g/mol Titanium(IV) ethoxide, Ti(CC2H5)4 = 228.11 g/mol (Note: All answers have to be converted into 3 significant figures.) Example used for the calculation: SrCo0.2Ti0.2Fe11.6O19, x= 0.2 No. of mol of 1 g Ti(CC2H5)4 = Mass of Ti(CC2H5)4 RMM of Ti(CC2H5)4 = 1g 228.11g/mol = 4.383810-3 mol 0.2 mol of Ti needed 1 mol of Sr. 4.383810-3 mol of Ti needed (4.383810-3 mol x 1) mol of Sr. 0.2 Therefore, 0.021919 mol of Sr is needed. Mass of Sr(NO3)2 needed = 0.021919mol x 211.63 g/mol = 4.64 g 0.2 mol of Ti needed 11.6 mol of Fe. 4.383810-3 mol of Ti needed (4.383810-3 mol x 11.6) mol of Sr. 0.2 Therefore, 0.25426 mol of Fe is needed. Mass of Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O needed = 0.25426mol x 404g/mol = 103 g Mass of Co(NO3)2.6H2O needed = 4.383810-3 mol x 291.04g/mol = 1.28 g The calculation above were used to calculate the weight of starting materials needed for other cation ratios, x for 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 respectively as well. The weight needed for each material was tabulated in Table 2.1. x Weight of materials needed (g) Sr(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)3 ·9H2O Co(NO3)2.6H2O 0.2 4.64 103 1.28 0.4 2.32 51.4 1.28 0.6 1.55 31.9 1.28 0.8 1.11 23.0 1.28 1.0 0.93 17.7 1.28 2.0 0.46 7.08 1.28 3.0 0.31 3.54 1.28 4.0 0.23 1.77 1.28 5.0 0.19 0.71 1.28 6.0 0.15 0.00 1.28 Table 2.1: Weight of materials needed for synthesis of Co(II)-Ti(IV) substituted strontium ferrite For the series of different substitution ratios (x), the corresponding strontium nitrate, iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates, cobalt(II) nitrate and titanium(IV) ethoxide were weighed and dissolved in 100ml ethylene glycol. The oxides obtained after ignition were then annealed in a furnace at 800 °C for 3 days with extensive ground with a pestle in a mortar after annealed at interval of each day. The preparation for strontium ferrite and cation substituted strontium ferrite is shown in Fig. 2.1 in flow chart array. Figure 2.1: Schematic diagram of the procedure for synthesis of strontium ferrite and cobalt-titanium substituted SrFe12O19. Sample Characterization Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 The magnetic properties of strontium ferrite and cobalt-titanium substituted strontium ferrite produced by the method described above were examined using the Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MARK 1 (MK1) by Sherwood Scientific Ltd, England. The magnetic susceptibility balance apparatus was shown in Fig. 2.2. Figure 2.2: Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 by Sherwood Scientific Ltd, England. The basic design principle of Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 was shown in Figure 2.3. Magnetic Susceptibility Balance determines the magnetic properties by placing two couple of moving magnets with the beam in between where the stationary sample is ready to be measured. Basically, the possible deflection in the beam and the movement being made of a particular sample either solid or liquid could be observed in a balanced system which possesses a magnetic field. Meanwhile, the coil within the instrument is conducted with current required in order to make compensation of the magnetic force produced by the sample. Either paramagnetic or diamagnetic could be resolved in a plus or minus relatively on display with the aid of the direction that the beam swifts. Figure 2.3: Basic design principle of Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 by Sherwood Scientific Ltd, England. Magnetic susceptibility is defined as when the magnetising field is applied to the sample, how much is the ratio of the intensity of magnetism induced by the sample in response to the magnetising field which it is subject. In this experiment, mass susceptibility was the main concern. Mass susceptibility, xg, is defines by the mathematical formula below: à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥g= à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥v/d Where d = density of substance à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥v is the volume susceptibility, calculated by using the formula: à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¥v = I/